The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution 1945-1957 (57 page)

13
    
Hubei, 23 May 1952, SZ37-1-174, n.p., and Hubei, 30 May 1951, SZ1-5-75, p. 60; Hubei, 1951, SZ37-1-39, n.p.

14
    
Neibu cankao
, 25 March 1953, p. 605; 4 April 1953, p. 83; 9 April 1953, p. 185; 20 April 1953, p. 417; 29 April 1953, p. 559; 22 June 1953, pp. 354–5; Report from the Ministry of Agricultural Work, 28 Aug. and 18 Sept. 1953, Jilin, 1-7(2)-7, pp. 101–4 and 107–9.

15
    
Report from the Shandong Provincial Party Committee, 4 Oct. 1953, Jilin, 1-7(2)-7, pp. 69–70; the amounts required to get sufficient calories are in Jean C. Oi,
State and Peasant in Contemporary China: The Political Economy of Village Government
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989, pp. 48–9; Urgent Telegram to the Centre, 17 Feb. 1955, Jilin, 1-1(11)-81, pp. 1–3; on Nanhe, see Report from the Centre, 28 Aug. 1953, Jilin, 1-7(2)-7, pp. 101–4 and 117–18.

16
    
Report on the western region of Guangdong, June 1953, Guangdong, 204-1-94, pp. 73–7; Jilin, 15 and 30 Dec. 1954, 1-1(10)-74, pp. 33 and 34.

17
    
Report on the western region of Guangdong, June 1953, Guangdong, 204-1-94, pp. 73–7.

18
    
Jilin, 12 May 1953, 55-7-2, p. 45; Sichuan, 23 Feb. 1953, JK1-729, p. 57.

19
    
Jilin, 12 Oct. 1954, 1-7(3)-2, p. 4; 24 Feb. 1955, 1-7(4)-1, p. 5; Zhang,
Yijiusijiu nianhou Zhongguo nongcun zhidu biange shi
, pp. 111–12.

20
    
See, for instance, Report from the Henan Party Committee’s Financial Committee, Shandong, 6 March 1953, A1-2-138, pp. 7–14, and Guangdong, Aug. 1953, 204-1-95, pp. 31–7.

21
    
Report by Cao Juru at Second National Conference on Finances, 28 July 1953, Shandong, A1-2-143, pp. 138–40; Bo,
Ruogan zhongda shijian yu juece de huigu
, vol. 1, pp. 267–80.

22
    
The shortfall in foreign trade stood at 140 million: see Report from Cao Juru at Second National Conference on Finances, 28 July 1953, Shandong, A1-2-143, pp. 138–40; Report from the People’s Government on Foreign Trade, Aug. 1953, Shandong, A1-2-138, pp. 70–1.

23
    
Minutes of conversation between Stalin and Zhou Enlai, 3 Sept. 1952, Archives of the President, Russian Federation, 45-1-329, pp. 75–87, quoted and translated in
Cold War International History Project Bulletin
, nos 6–7 (Winter 1995–6), pp. 10–17.

24
    
Li Fuchun, Report on the Soviet Union’s reactions to the Five-Year Plan, Shandong, 21 June 1953, A1-2-144, pp. 67–87, quotation on p. 73; Mao’s Instructions on the 1953 Plan, 1953, Hubei, SZ1-2-115, pp. 7–10; see also Zhang Shu Guang,
Economic Cold War: America’s Embargo against China and the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949–1963
, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001, pp. 109–10; for the background on how Stalin returned to the first Five-Year Plan in the months before his death in March 1953, see memoirs of Yuan Baohua, ‘Fu Sulian tanpan de riri yeye’ (The days and nights of negotiation during my visit to Moscow),
Dangdai Zhongguo shi yanjiu
, Jan. 1996, pp. 17–22, and Li Yuran, ‘Woguo tong Sulian shangtan’ (Our country’s negotiations with the Soviet Union), in Pei Jianzhang,
Xin Zhongguo waijiao fengyun
(The shifting winds of new China’s foreign relations), Beijing: Shijie zhishi, 1991, vol. 2, pp. 15–18; Bo,
Ruogan zhongda shijian yu juece de huigu
, vol. 1, pp. 305–9.

25
    
On the decisions and debates behind the monopoly, see the memoirs of one of the key players, Bo,
Ruogan zhongda shijian yu juece de huigu
, vol. 1, pp. 267–80.

26
    
Ibid., pp. 267–72.

27
    
Guangdong, 1954, 204-1-122, pp. 19–21 and 31–3; Guangdong, Dec. 1953, 204-1-222, pp. 69 and 113; An Pingsheng, Report on Procurements in East Guangdong region, 8 Jan. 1954, 204-1-337, pp. 89–91.

28
    
Report by Li Tingxu on the Situation in Jiangxi, 15 Feb. 1954, Shaanxi, 123-1-1203, pp. 10–11.

29
    
Report by the Jingzhou Public Security Bureau, 28 Feb. 1954, Shaanxi, 123-1-1203, pp. 23–5; Sichuan, 4 Aug. 1955, JX1-418, pp. 115–16.

30
    
Guangdong, 1954, 204-1-122, pp. 19–21 and 31–3; Guangdong, Dec. 1953, 204-1-222, pp. 69 and 113; An Pingsheng, Report on Procurements in East Guangdong, 8 Jan. 1954, 204-1-337, pp. 89–91; Reports from the North-west Region, Gansu Provincial Party Committee and the Gannan Region, 21 and 29 Jan. and 1 Feb. 1954, Shaanxi, 123-1-1204, pp. 2–11; Hebei, 19 Nov. 1953, 25 and 26 Dec. 1953 and 13 March 1954, 855-2-420, pp. 2, 17, 26, 29 and 40–7.

31
    
Report from South China region, Hebei, 19 Feb. 1955, 855-3-605; Report by Luo Ruiqing at the National Conference on Public Security, Shandong, 13 June 1955, A1-2-1377, pp. 66–7 and 72; Sichuan, 4 Aug. 1955, JX1-418, pp. 115–16.

32
    
Reports from the North-west Region, Gansu Provincial Party Committee and the Gannan Region, 21 and 29 Jan. and 1 Feb. 1954, Shaanxi, 123-1-1204, pp. 2–11, quotation on p. 8.

33
    
Guangdong, 1954, 204-1-122, pp. 19–21 and 31–3; Guangdong, Dec. 1953, 204-1-222, pp. 69 and 113; An Pingsheng, Report on Procurements in East Guangdong, 8 Jan. 1954, 204-1-337, pp. 89–91; Report by the Jiangxi Provincial Party Committee, 4 March 1954, Shaanxi, 123-1-1203, pp. 3–10.

34
    
Joseph Needham and Francesca Bray,
Science and Civilisation in China
, vol. 6:
Biology and Biological Technology
, part 2:
Agriculture
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, p. 401.

35
    
Oi,
State and Peasant in Contemporary China
, p. 75.

36
    
Shandong, 2 Feb. 1954, A1-2-236, pp. 12–15; Tung,
Secret Diary
, p. 142.

37
    
Report from the Bureau for Grain, 4 June 1963, Shandong, A131-1-70; Hebei, 10 Oct. 1956, 855-3-889, p. 36; Shaanxi, 1965, 231-1-703, entire table; Urgent Telegram to the Centre, 17 Feb. 1955, Jilin, 1-1(11)-81,pp. 1–3.

38
    
Oi,
State and Peasant in Contemporary China
, pp. 48–9; Talk by Deng Zihui, 15 July 1954, Guangdong, 209-1-22, pp. 1–5.

39
    
Instructions from the Centre on the grain monopoly, 2 Jan. 1954, Guangdong, 204-1-337, p. 46; the reports on famine are in
Neibu cankao
,7, 9 and 12 April 1954, pp. 70–1, 88–9 and 126;
Neibu cankao
, 13 and 14 May 1954, pp. 174–5; 186–7;
Neibu cankao
, 30 June 1954, pp. 371–2;
Neibu cankao
, 7 July 1954, pp. 117–18.

40
    
Instructions from the Centre, 28 Aug. 1954, Guangdong, 204-1-333, pp. 167–9; Hebei, 3 March and 3 Aug. 1955, 855-3-605, pp. 39 and 68–75; on the monopoly on cotton and oil, see Zhang,
Yijiusijiu nianhou Zhongguo nongcun zhidu biange shi
, p. 101.

41
    
Background information in Tiejun Cheng and Mark Selden, ‘The Origins and Social Consequences of China’s
Hukou
System’,
China Quarterly
, no. 139 (Sept. 1994), pp. 644–68; Shandong, 12 April 1954, A1-2-236,p. 14; Ministry of Labour, Report on Migration from the Countryside,4 Dec. 1953, Gansu, 91-2-201, pp. 1–6;
Neibu cankao
, 5 Aug. 1954,pp. 76–7.

42
    
Cheng and Selden, ‘The Origins and Social Consequences of China’s
Hukou
System’, pp. 644–68.

11: High Tide

1
      
Lum,
Peking, 1950–1953
, pp. 164–5.

2
      
Telegram from Stalin to Mao, 20 April 1948, Archive
of
the
President
of the
Russian Federation, quoted in Andrei M. Ledovsky, ‘Marshall’s Mission in the Context of U.S.S.R.–China–U.S. Relations’, in Larry I. Bland (ed.),
George C. Marshall’s Mediation Mission to China, December 1945–January 1947
, Lexington, VA: George C. Marshall Foundation, 1998, p. 435; Bo,
Ruogan zhongda shijian yu juece de huigu
, vol. 1, pp. 115–28.

3
      
Gao Wenqian,
Zhou Enlai: The Last Perfect Revolutionary
, New York: Public Affairs, 2007, pp. 87–8.

4
      
Gao,
Hong taiyang
, pp. 491–5.

5
      
On Mao’s insomnia, see Li,
The Private Life of Chairman Mao
, pp. 107–13; on Mao’s erratic and shifting attitude towards government affairs and his ignorance of economics, see Michael M. Sheng, ‘Mao and Chinese Elite Politics in the 1950s: The Gao Gang Affair Revisited’,
Twentieth-Century China
, 36, no. 1 (Jan. 2011), p. 77.

6
      
Chang and Halliday,
Mao
, pp. 385–6.

7
      
Bo,
Ruogan zhongda shijian yu juece de huigu
, vol. 1, pp. 241–2; Jin Chongji and Chen Qun (eds),
Chen Yun zhuan
(A biography of Chen Yun), Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2005, p. 880; the whole affair is recounted in detail in Sheng, ‘The Gao Gang Affair Revisited’, and Frederick C. Teiwes,
Politics at Mao’s Court: Gao Gang and Party Factionalism in the Early 1950s
, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1990, pp. 52–78.

8
      
Sheng, ‘The Gao Gang Affair Revisited’, p. 79; Note to Liu Shaoqi dated 19 May 1953 in Mao,
Jianguo yilai
, vol. 4, p. 229 (the emphasis is from Mao).

9
      
Mao Zedong, ‘Refute Right Deviationist Views that Depart from the General Line’, 15 June 1953,
Selected Works of Mao Zedong
, vol. 5, p. 93.

10
    
For the abandonment of the New Democracy, see Lin Yunhui,
Xiang shehuizhuiyi guodu, 1953–55
(The transition to socialism, 1953–55), Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2009.

11
    
Dai Maolin and Zhao Xiaoguang,
Gao Gang zhuan
(A biography of Gao Gang), Xi’an: Shaanxi renmin chubanshe, 2011, pp. 306–7.

12
    
Goncharov, Lewis and Xue,
Uncertain Partners
, p. 68.

13
    
Wingrove, ‘Gao Gang and the Moscow Connection’, pp. 95–7.

14
    
Stalin’s death is described in Simon Sebag Montefiore,
Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
, New York: Knopf, 2004, p. 649; on Gao’s visit to Moscow see Dai and Zhao,
Gao Gang zhuan
, p. 310; Andrei Ledovsky spoke to Gao Gang on the plane back to Beijing, and is quoted in Wingrove, ‘Gao Gang and the Moscow Connection’, p. 100.

15
    
Zhao Jialiang and Zhang Xiaoji,
Gao Gang zai Beijing
, Hong Kong: Dafeng chubanshe, 2008, p. 188.

16
    
On Beria’s execution see William Taubman,
Khrushchev: The Man and his Era
, London, Free Press, 2003, p. 256; Mao’s comment about Sergei Goglidze is in his speech at Lushan on 11 September 1959, Gansu, 91-18-494, p. 126.

17
    
Gao’s death as well as security arrangements in the capital are described by his secretary in Zhao and Zhang,
Gao Gang zai Beijing
, pp. 201 and 210; the tea boy appears in Chang and Halliday,
Mao
, p. 388.

18
    
Wingrove, ‘Gao Gang and the Moscow Connection’, pp. 100–3.

19
    
Mao Zedong, On the Cooperative Transformation of Agriculture, Shandong, 31 July 1955, A1-2-292, pp. 19–42; a translated version, from which the quotation is taken, appears in Kau and Leung,
The Writings of Mao Zedong, 1949–1976
, vol. 1, 603.

20
    
Liu Jianhui and Wang Hongxu, ‘The Origins of the General Line for the Transition Period and of the Acceleration of the Chinese Socialist Transformation in Summer 1955’,
China Quarterly
, no. 187 (Sept. 2006), pp. 729–30.

21
    
Pang Xianzhi and Jin Chongji (eds),
Mao Zedong zhuan, 1949–1976
(A biography of Mao Zedong, 1949–1976), Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 2003, p. 377; Mao,
Jianguo yilai
, vol. 5, p. 209.