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36
. Geier, D. A, and M. R. Geier. 2007. A prospective study of mercury toxicity biomarkers in autistic spectrum disorders.
J Toxicol Environ Health A
70 (20):1723–1730.

37
. Echeverria, D., et al. 2006. The association between a genetic polymorphism of coproporphyrinogen oxidase, dental mercury exposure and neurobehavioral response in humans.
Neurotoxicol Teratol
28 (1):39–48.

38
. Heyer, N. J., et al. 2004. Chronic low-level mercury exposure, BDNF polymorphism, and associations with self-reported symptoms and mood.
Toxicol Sci
81 (2):354–63. Epub 2004 July 14.

39
. Echeverria, D., et al. 2005. Chronic low-level mercury exposure, BDNF polymorphism, and associations with cognitive and motor function.
Neurotoxicol Teratol
27 (6):781–96.

40
. Dringen, R., and J. Hirrlinger. 2003. Glutathione pathways in the brain.
Biol Chem
384 (4):505–16. Review.

41
. Bolt, H. M., and R. Thier. 2006. Relevance of the deletion polymorphisms of the glutathione S-transferases GSTT1 and GSTM1 in pharmacology and toxicology.
Curr Drug Metab
7 (6):613–28. Review.

42
. Dröge, W., and R. Breitkreutz. 2000. Glutathione and immune function.
Proc Nutr Soc
59 (4):595–600. Review.

43
. Atkuri, K. R., et al. 2007. N-acetylcysteine—a safe antidote for cysteine/glutathione deficiency.
Curr Opin Pharmacol
7 (4):355–59. Epub 2007 June 29. Review.

44
. Nuttall, S., et al. 1998. Glutathione: in sickness and in health.
Lancet
351 (9103): 645–46.

Chapter 11: Key #6: Boost Energy Metabolism

1
. Shao, I., et al. 2008. Mitochondrial involvement in psychiatric disorders.
Ann Med
40 (4):281–95.

2
. Lin, M.T., and M. F. Beal. 2006. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases.
Nature
443 (7113):787–95. Review.

3
. Chauhan, A., and V. Chauhan. 2006. Oxidative stress in autism.
Pathophysiology
13 (3):171–81.

4
. Bourre, J. M. 2006. Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: Update on dietary requirements for brain. Part 2: macronutrients.
J Nutr Health Aging
10 (5):386–99. Review.

5
. Razmara, A., et al. 2007. Estrogen suppresses brain mitochondrial oxidative stress in female and male rats.
Brain Res
1176:71–81. Epub 2007 Aug 24.

6
. Psarra, A. M., S. Solakidi, and C. E. Sekeris. 2006. The mitochondrion as a primary site of action of steroid and thyroid hormones: Presence and action of steroid and thyroid hormone receptors in mitochondria of animal cells.
Mol Cell Endocrinol
246 (1–2):21–33. Epub 2006 Jan 4. Review.

7
. Psarra, A. M., S. Solakidi, and C. E. Sekeris. 2006. The mitochondria as a primary site of action of regulatory agents involved in neuroimmunomodulation.
Ann NY Acad Sci
1088:12–22. Review.

8
. Corda, S., et al. 2001. Rapid reactive oxygen species production by mitochondria in endothelial cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor-alpha is mediated by ceramide.
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol
24 (6):762–68.

9
. Yin, Z., et al. 2007. Methylmercury induces oxidative injury, alterations in permeability and glutamine transport in cultured astrocytes.
Brain Res
1131(1):1–10. Epub 2006 December 19.

10
. Lombard, J. 1998. Autism: A mitochondrial disorder?
Med Hypotheses
50 (6):497–500. Review.

11
. Clark-Taylor, T., and B. E. Clark-Taylor. 2004. Is autism a disorder of fatty acid metabolism? Possible dysfunction of mitochondrial beta-oxidation by long chain acylCoA dehydrogenase.
Med Hypotheses
62 (6):970–75.

12
. Leuner, K., et al. 2007. Mitochondrial dysfunction: the first domino in brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease?
Antioxid Redox Signal
9 (10):1659–1675. Review.

13
. Yamashita, H., and M. Matsumoto. 2007. Molecular pathogenesis, experimental models and new therapeutic strategies for Parkinson’s disease.
Regen Med
2 (4):447–55.

14
. Muqit, M. M., S. Gandhi, and N. W. Wood. 2006. Mitochondria in Parkinson disease: back in fashion with a little help from genetics.
Arch Neurol
63 (5):649–54.

15
. Moretti, A., A. Gorini, and R. F. Villa. 2003. Affective disorders, antidepressant drugs and brain metabolism.
Mol Psychiatry
8 (9):773–85. Review.

16
. Kato, T. 2007. Mitochondrial dysfunction as the molecular basis of bipolar disorder: Therapeutic implications.
CNS Drugs
21 (1):1–11. Review.

17
. Trushina, E., and C. T. McMurray. 2007. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases.
Neuroscience
145 (4):1233–1248. Epub 2007 February 14. Review.

18
. Villmann, C., and C. M. Becker. 2007. On the hypes and falls in neuroprotection: Targeting the NMDA receptor.
Neuroscientist
13 (6):594–615. Epub 2007 October 2.

19
. Mattson, M. P. 2007. Calcium and neurodegeneration.
Aging Cell
6 (3):337–50. Epub 2007 February 28. Review.

20
. Baur, J. A., et al. 2006. Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet.
Nature
444 (7117):337–42. Epub 2006 November 1.

21
. Petersen, K. F., and G. I. Shulman. 2006. Etiology of insulin resistance.
Am J Med
119 (5) Suppl 1:S10–16. Review.

22
. Petersen, K. F., et al. 2004. Impaired mitochondrial activity in the insulin-resistant offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes.
N Engl J Med
350 (7):664–71.

23
. Lagouge, M., et al. 2006. Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1alpha.
Cell
(Epub ahead of print).

24
. Hipkiss, A. R. 2008. Energy metabolism, altered proteins, sirtuins and ageing: converging mechanisms?
Biogerontology
9 (1):49–55.

25
. Whitmer, R.A. 2007. Type 2 diabetes and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia.
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep
7 (5):373–80. Review.

26
. McIntyre, R. S., et al. 2007. Should depressive syndromes be reclassified as “metabolic syndrome Type II”?
Ann Clin Psychiatry
19 (4):257–64. Review.

27
. Binienda, Z., et al. 2005. L-carnitine and neuroprotection in the animal model of mitochondrial dysfunction.
Ann N Y Acad Sci
(1053):174–82.

28
. Ames, B. N. 2003. The metabolic tune-up: Metabolic harmony and disease prevention.
J Nutr
133 (5 Suppl 1):1554S–1548S.

29
. Liu, J., et al. 2002. Memory loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA oxidation: Partial reversal by feeding acetylL-carnitine and/or R-alpha-lipoic acid.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
99 (4):2356–2361.

30
. Liu, J., and B. N. Ames. 2005. Reducing mitochondrial decay with mitochondrial nutrients to delay and treat cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease.
Nutr Neurosci
8 (2):67–89.

31
. Shea, T. B. 2007. Effects of dietary supplementation with N-acetylcysteine, acetylL-carnitine and S-adenosyl methionine on cognitive performance and aggression in normal mice and mice expressing human ApoE4.
Neuromolecular Med
9 (3):264–69.

32
. Engelhart, M. J., et al. 2002. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease.
JAMA
287 (24):3223–3229.

33
. Dai, Q., et al. 2006. Fruit and vegetable juices and Alzheimer’s disease: The Kame Project.
Am J Med
119 (9):751–59.

34
. Mythri, R. B., et al. 2007. Mitochondrial complex I inhibition in Parkinson’s disease: How can curcumin protect mitochondria?
Antioxid Redox Signal
9 (3):399– 408.

35
. Beal, M. F. 2004. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases and coenzyme Q10 as a potential treatment.
J Bioenerg Biomembr
36 (4):381–86. Review.

36
. Shults, C.W., et al. 2002. Parkinson Study Group. Effects of coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease: Evidence of slowing of the functional decline.
Arch Neurol
59 (10):1541–1550.

37
. Young, A. J., et al. 2007. Coenzyme Q10:A review of its promise as a neuroprotectant.
CNS Spectr
12 (1):62–68. Review.

38
. Rosenberg, R. N. 2002. Mitochondrial therapy for Parkinson disease.
Arch Neurol
59 (10):1523.

39
. Littarru, G. P., and P. Langsjoen. 2007. Coenzyme Q10 and statins: Biochemical and clinical implications.
Mitochondrion
7 Suppl:S168–74. Epub 2007 March 27. Review.

40
. Sewright, K. A., P. M. Clarkson, and P. D. Thompson. 2007. Statin myopathy: Incidence, risk factors, and pathophysiology.
Curr Atheroscler Rep
9 (5):389–96.

41
. Draeger, A., et al. 2006. Statin therapy induces ultrastructural damage in skeletal muscle in patients without myalgia.
J Pathol
210 (1):94–102.

42
. Phillips, P. S., et al. 2002. Scripps Mercy Clinical Research Center. Statin-associated myopathy with normal creatine kinase levels.
Ann Intern Med
137 (7):581–85.

43
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www.news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3931157.stm

44
. Beal, M. F. 2003. Bioenergetic approaches for neuroprotection in Parkinson’s disease.
Ann Neurol
Suppl 3:S39–47; discussion S47–48.

45
. Moreira, P. I., et al. 2007. Lipoic acid and N-acetyl cysteine decrease mitochondrial-related oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease patient fibroblasts.
J Alzheimers Dis
12 (2):195–206.

46
. McGinnis, W. R. 2005. Oxidative stress in autism.
Altern Ther Health Med
11 (1):19.

Chapter 12: Key #7: Calm Your Mind

1
. Lantz, P. M., et al. 1998. Socioeconomic Factors, Health Behaviors, and Mortality: Results From a Nationally Representative Prospective Study of US Adult,
JAMA
279:1703–1708.

2
. Karasek, R. 2006. The stress-disequilibrium theory: chronic disease development, low social control, and physiological de-regulation.
Med Lav
97 (2):258–71. Review.

3
. Sapolsky, Robert M.
Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: An Updated Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping
(New York: Holt/Owl, 1994; 2004).

4
. McEwen, B. S. 1998. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators.
N Engl J Med
338 (3):171–79. Review.

5
. Uno, H., et al. 1994. Neurotoxicity of glucocorticoids in the primate brain.
Horm Behav
28 (4):336–48.

6
. Gillespie, C. F., and C. B. Nemeroff. 2005. Hypercortisolemia and depression.
Psychosom Med
67 Suppl 1:S26–28. Review.

7
. Pruessner, J. C., et al. 2005. Self-esteem, locus of control, hippocampal volume, and cortisol regulation in young and old adulthood.
Neuroimage
28 (4):815–26. Epub 2005 July 14.

8
. Lupien, S. I., et al. 2007. The effects of stress and stress hormones on human cognition: Implications for the field of brain and cognition.
Brain Cogn
65 (3):209–37. Epub 2007 April 26.

9
. Yehuda, R. 2002. Post-traumatic stress disorder.
N Engl J Med
346 (2):108–14. Review.

10
. McEwen, B. S. 2006. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role of the brain.
Dialogues Clin Neurosci
8 (4):367–81. Review.

11
. Brown, D. P. 2007. The energy body and its functions: Immunosurveillance, longevity, and regeneration.
Ann N Y Acad Sci
. Epub 2007 September 28.

12
. Starkman, M. N., et al. 1992. Hippocampal formation volume, memory dysfunction, and cortisol levels in patients with Cushing’s syndrome.
Biol Psychiatry
32 (9):756–65.

13
. Starkman, M. N., et al. 1999. Decrease in cortisol reverses human hippocampal atrophy following treatment of Cushing’s disease.
Biol Psychiatry
46 (12):1595– 1602.