The War Against Boys (36 page)

35.
 Simon Baron-Cohen, “The Extreme-Male-Brain Theory of Autism,” Department of Experimental Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Cambridge (1999), available at
www.autismresearchcentre.com/docs/papers/1999_BC_extrememalebrain.pdf
.

36.
 Francis Wardle, “Men in Early Childhood: Fathers and Teachers,” earlychildhoodnews.com,
www.earlychildhoodnews.com/earlychildhood/article_view.aspx?ArticleID=400
(accessed July 11, 2012). Ninety-seven percent of teachers in pre-kindergarten programs are women, and only 13 percent of elementary school teachers are men.

37.
 National Association of Social Workers Center for Workforce Studies, “Licensed Social Workers in the United States, 2004,”
NASW Center for Workforce Studies,
2004,
http://workforce.socialworkers.org/studies/chapter2_0806.pdf
(accessed July 12, 2012). In 2004, 81 percent of social workers in the United States were female.

38.
 “The Registered Nurse Population: Findings from the 2008 National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses,” US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, 2010, pp. 7.2–7.3.

39.
 Amy Cynkar, “The Changing Gender Composition of Psychology,”
American Psychological Association
, June 2007,
www.apa.org/monitor/jun07/changing.aspx
(accessed July 11, 2012). In 2005, 72 percent of graduating PhDs and PsyDs were female.

40.
 “ ‘Nontraditional': A Video Makes a Car Job Seem Auto-Matic,” ontheissuesmagazine.com, August 9, 2010,
www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/cafe2/article/108
. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 98.2 percent of automotive service technicians and mechanics were male; 98.5 percent of automotive body and related repairers were male in 2009.

41.
 
http://kosciuskocareers.com/careerclusters/details.cfm?JobTitle_id=187
(accessed July 12, 2012). At least 75 percent of oil drillers nationally are male.

42.
 National Science Foundation,
Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering
, National Science Foundation, January 2012, table 9.5,
www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/pdf/tab9-5.pdf
(accessed July 12, 2012). In 2006, 91.3 percent of all people in the United States employed as electrical engineers were male.

43.
 Marc Hauser, Steven Pinker, Armand Leroi et al., “The Assortative Mating Theory,” edge.org, May 4, 2005,
www.edge.org/3rd_culture/baron-cohen05/baron-cohen05_index.html
(accessed July 12, 2012).

44.
 Ibid.

45.
 Peggy Orenstein,
SchoolGirls: Young Women, Self-Esteem, and the Confidence Gap
(New York: Doubleday, 1994).

46.
 Ibid., p. 276.

47.
 Judy Logan,
Teaching Stories
(New York: Kodansha International, 1997). Endorsement by Mary Pipher on front cover.

48.
 Orenstein,
SchoolGirls
, p. 247.

49.
 Ibid., p. 248.

50.
 Ibid., p. 255.

51.
 Ibid., p. 263.

52.
 Ibid.

53.
 Ibid., pp. 267–270.

54.
 Ibid., p. 267.

55.
 Ibid., p. 273.

56.
 Ibid., p. 274.

57.
 Pinker,
The Blank Slate
, p. 351.

58.
 ABC News Special, “Men, Women and the Sex Difference,” aired February 1, 1995.

59.
 Ibid.

60.
 Carolyn Rivers and Rosalind Barnett, cited in Cordelia Fine,
Delusions of Gender
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), p. xxviii.

61.
 Immanuel Kant, “Of the Distinction of the Beautiful and Sublime in the Interrelations of the Two Sexes,” reprinted in Mary Briody Mahowald,
Philosophy of Woman: An Anthology of Classic to Current Concepts
(Indianapolis: Hackett, 1978), p. 103.

62.
 Quoted in Stephen J. Gould,
The Mismeasure of Man
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), pp. 104–105.

63.
 Ibid.

64.
 Leonard Sax, “Leonard Sax: Single-Sex Education Can Work,”
Charleston Daily Mail
, June 5, 2012,
www.dailymail.com/Opinion/Commentary/201206040082
(accessed July 12, 2012).

65.
 Cease and Desist Letter sent to J. Patrick Law, superintendent of Wood County Schools, May 21, 2012,
www.aclu.org/files/pdfs/womensrights/teach/WoodCoSchoolsdemandletter.pdf
, (accessed July 12, 2012).

66.
 Ibid.

67.
 Amy Novotney, “Coed Versus Single-Sex Ed,”
American Psychological Association
42, no. 2 (February 2011), p. 58,
www.apa.org/monitor/2011/02/coed.aspx
(accessed July 12, 2012).

68.
 Senator Hillary Clinton,
Congressional Record
, June 7, 2001, S5943.

69.
 Figures provided by National Association for Single-Sex Public Education (NASPE),
www.singlesexschools.org/schools-schools.htm
(accessed July 12, 2012).

70.
 Gregory Patterson, “Separating the Boys from the Girls,”
Phi Delta Kappan,
February 2012,
www.robinfogarty.com/documents/Kappan.Article.pdf
(accessed July 12, 2012).

71.
 Irma Lerma Rangel Young Women's Leadership School, “School Profile 2011–2012,”
http://dallasisd.schoolwires.net/cms/lib/TX01001475/Centricity/Domain/6547/Irma%20L.%20Rangel%20YWLS%20Profile%202012-2013.pdf
(accessed September 12, 2012).

72.
 Bill Zeeble, “Dallas All-Boys School Lets Young Men Shine,”
Voice of America
, August 15, 2011,
www.voanews.com/articleprintview/163616.html
(accessed July 12, 2012).

73.
 ACLU Press Release, “ACLU Launches ‘Teach Kids, Not Stereotypes' Campaign Against Single-Sex Classes Rooted in Stereotypes,” May 21, 2012,
www.commondreams.org/newswire/2012/05/21-0
(accessed July 12, 2012).

74.
 The boys in West Virginia score 13 points behind girls on the reading and 26 points in writing:
http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/stt2011/2012454WV8.pdf
(accessed January 23, 2013).

75.
 Gale Sherwin, “ ‘Science' Says No to Single-Sex Education,”
ACLU Blog of Rights
, September 26, 2011,
www.aclu.org/blog/womens-rights/science-says-no-single-sex-education
(accessed July 12, 2012).

76.
 ACCES website:
http://lives.clas.asu.edu/access/educators.html
(accessed July 12, 2012).

77.
 Sarah Sparks, “Scholars Say Pupils Gain Social Skills in Coed Classes,”
Education Week
, May 7, 2012,
www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2012/05/07/30coed.h31.html?tkn=ZVTFyis8rJbJaOtgHu11xG33dXAowOwEiVZp&intc=es
(accessed July 12, 2012).

78.
 Patterson, “Separating the Boys from the Girls.”

79.
 Cease and Desist Letter sent to J. Patrick Law.

80.
 Diane Halpern, Lise Eliot, Rebecca Bigler, Richard Fabes et al., “The Pseudoscience of Same-Sex Schooling,”
Science
, September 23, 2011,
www.educ.ethz.ch/halpern-09-23-11_1_.pdf
(accessed July 12, 2012).

81.
 Hyunjoon Park, Jere R. Behrman, Jaesung Choi, “Causal Effects of Single-Sex Schools on College Entrance Exams and College Attendance: Random Assignment in Seoul High Schools,”
Demography
, October 2012, pp. 1–37.

82.
 US Department of Education, Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development, Policy and Program Studies Service,
Single-Sex Versus Secondary Schooling: A Systematic Review
, Washington, DC, 2005.

83.
 Halpern, Eliot, Bigler, Fabes et al., “The Pseudoscience of Same-Sex Schooling,” p. 1707.

84.
 Carol Lynn Martin and Richard Fabes, “The Stability and Consequences of Young Children's Same-Sex Play Interactions,”
Developmental Psychology
37, no. 3 (May 2001), pp. 431–446.

85.
 Diana Leonard, “Single-Sex and Co-educational Secondary Schooling: Life Course Consequences?,”
Economic and Social Research Council
, 2007, pp. 18, 24.

86.
 Halpern, Eliot, Bigler, Fabes et al., “The Pseudoscience of Same-Sex Schooling,” pp. 1706–1707.

87.
 Diane Halpern, Lise Eliot, Rebecca Bigler et al., “Letters,”
Science
35, January 13, 2012, p. 167.

88.
 See also ibid.

89.
 Amanda Datnow, Lea Hubbard, and Elisabeth Woody, “Is Single Gender Schooling Viable in the Public Sector? Lessons from California's Pilot Program. Final Report” (Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, May 20, 2001), p. 11.

90.
 Ibid., p. 13.

91.
 Ibid., p. 40.

92.
 Tamar Lewin, “Single-Sex Education Is Assailed in Report,”
New York Times
, September 22, 2011.

93.
 Lenora Lapidus, “Title IX: Means More Than Sports for My Daughter and All of Our Children,”
ACLU Blog of Rights
, June 22, 2012,
www.aclu.org/blog/womens-rights/title-ix-means-more-sports-my-daughter-and-all-our-children
(accessed July 12, 2012).

94.
 Michael Erb, “Single-Gender Classes Could Cost Wood County Schools,”
Parkersburg News and Sentinel
, June 27, 2012.

95.
 Michael Erb, “Wood Board of Education Votes to Keep Vandy Single-Gender Classes,”
Parkersburg News and Sentinel
, July 3, 2012.

96.
 Debra Cassens Weiss, “School Concludes Bias Law Bars Father-Daughter Dances,”
Education Weekly
, September 12, 2012,
www.abajournal.com/mobile/article/school_concludes_discrimination_law_bars_father-daughter_dances/
(accessed September 20, 2012).

97.
 Vivian Gussin Paley,
Boys & Girls: Superheroes in the Doll Corner
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), p. 1.

98.
 Ibid., p. 65.

99.
 Ibid., p. 67.

100.
 Ibid., p. 41.

101.
 Ibid., p. 90.

102.
 Ibid., p. 116.

4.
Carol Gilligan and the Incredible Shrinking Girl

1.
 Francine Prose, “Confident at 11, Confused at 16,”
New York Times Magazine
, January 7, 1990, p. 23.

2.
 Carol Gilligan, Nona Lyons, and Trudy University Hanmer, eds.,
Making Connections: The Relational Worlds of Adolescent Girls at Emma Willard School
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990).

3.
 Ibid., p. 4.

4.
 Ibid., p. 4.

5.
 Ibid., p. 23.

6.
 Ibid., p. 14.

7.
 Ibid.

8.
 Ibid., pp. 147–161.

9.
 Ibid., p. 154.

10.
 Ibid., p. 158.

11.
 Ibid., p. 147.

12.
 Ibid., p. 40.

13.
 Anna Quindlen, “Viewing Society's Sins Through the Eyes of a Daughter,”
Chicago Tribune
, January, 1, 1991, p. 19.

14.
 Carolyn See, “For Girls the Hardest Lesson of All,”
Washington Post Book World
, September 2, 1994, p. D3.

15.
 Myra Sadker and David Sadker,
Failing at Fairness: How America's Schools Cheat Girls
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1994), pp. 77–78.

16.
 Mary Pipher,
Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls
(New York: Putnam, 1994), p. 19.

17.
 Anne C. Petersen et al., “Depression in Adolescence,”
American Psychologist
48, no. 2 (February 1993), p. 155.

18.
 Daniel Offer and Kimberly A. Schonert-Reichl, “Debunking the Myths of Adolescence: Findings from Recent Research,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
31, no. 6 (November 1992), pp. 1003–1014.

19.
 Ms. Foundation for Women and Sondra Forsyth,
Girls Seen and Heard
(New York: Tarcher/Putnam, 1998), p. xiii.

20.
 Ibid., pp. xiv and xv.

21.
 Ms. Foundation,
Synopsis of Research on Girls
(New York: Ms. Foundation, 1995).

22.
 Ms. Foundation for Women and Sondra Forsyth,
Girls Seen and Heard
, p. xvii.

23.
 Ms. Foundation,
Synopsis of Research on Girls
, p. 1.

24.
 Ibid., p. 5.

25.
 Elizabeth Debold, Marie Wilson, and Idelisse Malave,
Mother Daughter Revolution: From Betrayal to Power
(Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993), p. 9.

26.
 American Association of University Women,
Shortchanging Girls, Shortchanging America
, Executive Summary (Washington, DC: AAUW, 1991), p. 7.

27.
 American Association of University Women,
A Call to Action
(Washington, DC: AAUW, 1991), p. 4.

28.
 Suzanne Daley, “Little Girls Lose Their Self-Esteem on Way to Adolescence, Study Finds,”
New York Times
, January 9, 1991, p. B6.

29.
 Bruce Bower, “Teenage Turning Point,”
Science News
, March 23, 1991, p. 184.

30.
 Ibid.

31.
 For other criticisms of the alleged self-esteem crisis, see William Damon,
Greater Expectations: Overcoming the Culture of Indulgence in America's Homes and Schools
(New York: Free Press, 1995), p. 74. See also Kristen C. Kling et al., “Gender Differences in Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analysis,”
Psychological Bulletin
125, no. 4 (1999), pp. 470–500; Kirk Johnson, “Self-Image Is Suffering from Lack of Esteem,”
New York Times
, May 5, 1998, p. F7; my
Who Stole Feminism? How Women Have Betrayed Women
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994; Touchstone, 1995), pp. 136–50.