The War Against Boys (39 page)

50.
 Fraser,
Vocational-Technical Education in Massachussetts
, p. 18.

51.
 Harvard Graduate School of Education,
Pathways
, p. 27.

52.
 Motoko Rich, “Factory Jobs Return, But Employers Find Skill Shortage,”
New York Times
, July 1, 2010,
www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/business/economy/02manufacturing.html?pagewanted=all
(accessed July 18, 2012).

53.
 Harvard Graduate School of Education,
Pathways
, p. 16.

54.
 National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education, “Title IX at 35: Beyond the Headlines,” 2008,
www.ncwge.org/PDF/TitleIXat35.pdf
(accessed July 18, 2012).

55.
 Ibid., p. 22.

56.
 Ibid., p. 22.

57.
 Ibid., p. 21.

58.
 Interview with author, July 16, 2012.

59.
 Arne Duncan in US Department of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education, “Investing in America's Future: A Blueprint for Transforming Career and Technical Education,” Washington, DC, 2012, p. 4,
www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ovae/pi/cte/transforming-career-technical-education.pdf
(accessed September 23, 2012).

60.
 Ibid., p. 2.

61.
 Ibid., p. 11.

62.
 National Women's Law Center,
Tools of the Trade: Using Law to Address Sex Segregation in High School Career and Technical Education
, Washington, DC, 2005, p. 1.

63.
 National Women's Law Center,
Tools of the Trade: Using Law to Address Sex Segregation in High School Career and Technical Education: Massachusetts Profile
, Washington, DC, 2005, p. 1.

64.
 National Women's Law Center,
Tools of the Trade: Using Law to Address Sex Segregation in High School Career and Technical Education: Maryland Profile
, Washington, DC, 2005, p. 1.

65.
 Ibid., p. 8.

66.
 Interview with author, July 16, 2012.

67.
 Jessica Tremayne, “Women in Veterinary Medicine,”
Veterinary Practice News
, May 2010,
www.veterinarypracticenews.com/vet-cover-stories/women-in-veterinary-medicine.aspx
(accessed September 25, 2012).

68.
 N. Bell,
Graduate Enrollment and Degrees: 2000 to 2010
(Washington, DC: Council of Graduate Schools, 2011), p. 12.

69.
 
http://www.ncwge.org/PDF/TitleIXat40.pdf

70.
 Bari Weiss, “Life Among the Yakkity-Yaks,”
Wall Street Journal Weekend Interview
, February 23, 2010,
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703525704575061123564007514.html
(accessed July 18, 2012).

71.
 See, for example, Simon Baron-Cohen,
The Essential Difference: Men, Women and the Extreme Male Brain
(London: Penguin UK, 2003).

72.
 Sharon Otterman, “Gender Gap for the Gifted in City Schools,”
New York Times
, May 31, 2010,
www.nytimes.com/2010/06/01/nyregion/01gifted.html?_r=1
(accessed July 18, 2012).

73.
 Ian J. Deary, Graham Thorpe, Valerie Wilson, John M. Starr, and Lawrence J. Whalley, “Population Sex Differences in IQ at Age 11: The Scottish Mental Survey 1932,”
Intelligence
31, no. 6 (2003), pp. 533–542.

74.
 Otterman, “Gender Gap.”

75.
 Ibid.

76.
 Terry Neu, interview with author.

77.
 National Literacy Trust, Great Britain,
www.literacytrust.org.uk/media/4720
(accessed September 20, 2012).

8. The Moral Life of Boys

1.
 Josephson Institute of Ethics,
2010 Report Card on the Ethics of American Youth
(Marina del Rey, CA: Josephson Institute of Ethics, 2010), p. 26.

2.
 Ibid., p. 61.

3.
 Ibid., p. 43.

4.
 American Psychiatric Association,
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
, p. 85.

5.
 Ibid., p. 88.

6.
 Charles Puzzanchera and Benjamin Adams, “Juvenile Arrests 2009,” in
Juvenile Offenders and Victims National Report Series
(Pittsburgh, PA: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2011), p. 4.

7.
 Alfons Crijnen, Thomas Achenbach, and Frank Verhulst, “Comparisons of Problems Reported by Parents of Children in 12 Cultures: Total Problems, Externalizing, and Internalizing,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
36, no. 9 (September 1997), pp. 1269–1277.

8.
 Anna Mundow, “The Child Predators,”
Irish Times
, January 27, 1997, p. 8.

9.
 Janet Daley, “Young Men
Always
Behave Badly,”
Daily Telegraph
, July 20, 1998.

10.
 William Damon,
Bringing in a New Era in Character Education
(Palo Alto, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2002), p. vii.

11.
 See Michel Marriot, “A Menacing Ritual Is Called Common in New York Pools,”
New York Times
, July 7, 1993,
www.nytimes.com/1993/07/07/nyregion/a-menacing-ritual-is-called-common-in-new-york-pools.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm
(accessed July 13, 2012); Robert Handley, “4 Are Convicted in Sexual Abuse of Retarded New Jersey Woman,”
New York Times
, March 17, 1993,
www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/reviews/glenridge-verdict.html
(accessed July 13, 2012); “Scoring with the Spur Posse,”
New York Times
, March 30, 1993,
www.nytimes.com/1993/03/30/opinion/scoring-with-the-spur-posse.html
(accessed July 13, 2012).

12.
 Quoted in Bernard Lefkowitz,
Our Guys: The Glen Ridge Rape and the Secret Life of the Perfect Suburb
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997), back cover.

13.
 Judy Mann,
The Difference: Growing Up Female in America
(New York: Warner, 1994), p. 246.

14.
 Susan Faludi,
Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man
(New York: Morrow, 1999), p. 47.

15.
 Mann,
The Difference
, p. 243.

16.
 Lefkowitz,
Our Guys
, pp. 3–4.

17.
 Ibid., p. 7.

18.
 Ibid., p. 9.

19.
 Ibid., pp. 93–94.

20.
 Ibid., p. 92.

21.
 Ibid., p. 73.

22.
 Ibid., p. 95.

23.
 Jane Gross, “Where ‘Boys Will Be Boys,' and Adults Are Befuddled,”
New York Times
, March 29, 1993,
www.nytimes.com/1993/03/29/us/where-boys-will-be-boys-and-adults-are-befuddled.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm
(accessed July 13, 2012).

24.
 Joan Didion, “Trouble in Lakewood,”
The New Yorker
, July 26, 1993, p. 50. See also William Damon,
Greater Expectations: Overcoming the Culture of Indulgence in America's Homes and Schools
(New York: Free Press, 1995), pp. 42–45.

25.
 
Dateline NBC
, NBC television broadcast, April 6, 1993.

26.
 Gross, “Where ‘Boys Will Be Boys,' and Adults Are Befuddled.”

27.
 WNET Educational Resources Center,
Ethical Choices: Individual Voices
, Thirteen/WNET (New York, 1997).

28.
 Ibid.

29.
 Ibid.

30.
 Nancy F. Sizer and Theodore R. Sizer, eds.,
Moral Education: Five Lectures
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970).

31.
 Ibid., pp. 3–7.

32.
 Ibid., p. 5.

33.
 Ibid., p. 8–9.

34.
 Sidney Simon and Howard Kirschenbaum, eds.,
Readings in Values Clarification
(Minneapolis: Winston Press, 1973), p. 18.

35.
 See, for example, Lawrence Kohlberg, “The Cognitive-Developmental Approach,”
Phi Delta Kappan
, June 1975, pp. 670–675.

36.
 Lawrence Kohlberg, “Moral Education Reappraised,”
The Humanist
, November/December 1978, pp. 14–15. Kohlberg, renouncing his earlier position, wrote, “Some years of active involvement with the practice of moral education . . . has led me to realize that my notion . . . was mistaken. . . . The educator must be a socializer, teaching
value content and behavior and not [merely] a process-facilitator of development. . . . I no longer hold these negative views of indoctrinative moral education and I believe that the concepts guiding moral education must be partly ‘indoctrinative.' This is true, by necessity, in a world in which children engage in stealing, cheating and aggression.”

37.
 Pat Sebranek, Dave Kemper, and Randall VanderMey,
Write Source 2000 Sourcebook: Student Workshops, Activities, and Strategies
(Wilmington, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1995), p. 217.

38.
 American Psychiatric Association,
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
, p. 85.

39.
 John Stuart Mill,
On Liberty
(Chicago: Regnery, 1955), pp. 14, 84.

40.
 
Tinker v. Des Moines School District
, 393 U.S. 503, February 24, 1969.

41.
 Ibid., Justice Black, dissenting.

42.
 Abigail Thernstrom, “Where Did All the Order Go? School Discipline and the Law,” in Diane Ravitch, ed.,
Brookings Papers on Education Policy
(Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press, 1999), p. 304.

43.
 William Damon,
Failing Liberty: How We Are Leaving Young Americans Unprepared for Citizenship in a Free Society
(Palo Alto, CA: Hoover Institution, 2011), p. 46.

44.
 Quoted in ibid., p. 52.

45.
 See, for example, Laurence Steinberg in
Beyond the Classroom: Why School Reform Has Failed and What Parents Need to Do
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).

46.
 Dave Cullen,
Columbine
(New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2010).

47.
 Ibid., p. 523. See also Michael Kimmel, professor of sociology at Stony Brook University, who explains that the Littleton shooters were “not deviants at all” but “over-conformists . . . to traditional notions of masculinity.”
Congressional Quarterly
, op. cit. See also, Susan Faludi, “The Rage of the American Male,”
Newsweek
, August 16, 1999, p. 31.

48.
 Jessie Klein,
The Bully Society
(New York: New York University Press, 2012), p. 16.

49.
 Jessica Portner, “Everybody Wants to Know Why,”
Education Week
, April 28, 1999, p. 16; see also Kathleen Kennedy Manzo, “Shootings Spur Move to Police Students' Work,”
Education Week
, May 26, 1999, p. 14.

50.
 Josephson Institute Center for Youth Ethics, “The Aspen Declaration on Character Education,”
Josephson Institute of Ethics
, 1992,
http://charactercounts.org/overview/aspen.html
(accessed July 13, 2012). “Character Education Manifesto,” available from the Josephson Institute of Ethics, Marina Del Ray, California, or from Kevin Ryan, director, Boston University Center for the Advancement of Ethics and Character.

51.
 Josephson Institute Center for Youth Ethics, “How to Get Started with Character Counts!,”
Josephson Institute of Ethics
, 2012,
http://charactercounts.org/getstarted/index.html
(accessed July 13, 2012).

52.
 Donald Baker, “Bringing Character into the Classroom,”
Washington Post
, February 4, 1999, Metro, p. 1.

53.
 Ibid.

54.
 Damon,
Failing Liberty
, p. 61.

55.
 Ibid.

56.
 Marvin Berkowitz and Melinda Bier, “What Works in Character Education: A Research-Driven Guide for Educators,” Character Education Partnership, February 2005,
http://www.rucharacter.org/file/practitioners_518.pdf
(accessed January 26, 2013).

57.
 Social and Character Development Research Consortium,
Efficacy of Schoolwide Programs to Promote Social and Character Development and Reduce Problem Behavior in Elementary School Children
(Washington, DC: National Center for Education Research, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education, 2010).

58.
 Damon,
Failing Liberty
, p. 57.

59.
 Sarah Sparks, “Character Education Found to Fall Short in Federal Study,”
Education Week
, October 21, 2010,
www.source.ly/10zH1#.T_oAzvEU4fE
(accessed July 13, 2012).

60.
 US Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, “Positive Action,”
What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report
, April, 23, 2007,
http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/pdf/intervention_reports/WWC_Positive_Action_042307.pdf
(accessed July 13, 2012).

61.
 See B. Flay, A. Acock, S. Vuchinich, and M. Beets, “Progress Report of the Randomized Trial of Positive Action in Hawaii: End of Third Year of Intervention,” available from Positive Action, Inc., 264 4th Avenue South, Twin Falls, ID 83301, 2006; B. Flay and C. G. Allred, “Long-Term Effects of the Positive Action Program,”
American Journal of Healthy Behavior
27, no. 1 (May–June 2003), pp. S6–S21. Also, see B. Flay, “Randomized Evaluation of the Positive Action Pre-K Program,” Virginia Foundation for Healthy Youth and Positive Action, Inc., January 2012; K. Lewis, N. Bavarian, F. Snyder et al., “Direct and Mediated Effects of a Social-Emotional and Character Development Program on Adolescent Substance Use,”
International Journal of Emotional Education
4, no. 1 (April 2012), pp. 56–78; F. J. Snyder, S. Vuchinich, A. Acock, I. J. Washburn, and B. R. Flay, “Improving Elementary School Quality Through the Use of a Social-Emotional and Character Development Program: A Matched-Pair, Cluster-Randomized, Control Trail in Hawai'i,”
Journal of School Health
82 (2012), pp. 11–20; K.-K. Li, I. Washburn, D. L. DuBois et al., “Effects of the Positive Action Program on Problem Behaviors in Elementary School Students: A Matched-Pair, Randomized Control Trial in Chicago,”
Psychology & Health
26, no. 2 (2011), pp. 187–204.