Authors: William M. Osborn
The Wild Frontier (56 page)
31.
Quoted in Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 10.
32.
West,
The Contested Plains
, 335.
33.
Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 167.
34.
Ibid., 268.
35.
Quoted in Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 196.
36.
Hays,
A Race at Bay
, 178.
37.
Ibid., 27.
38.
Erlich, J. W.,
Erlich’s Blackstone
(1959), 791.
39.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 311. This statement refers to the Cherokee, but it could refer to all Indians.
40.
Quoted in Commager,
The West
, 235.
41.
Quoted in Bordewich,
Killing the White Man’s Indian
, 35.
42.
Crèvecoeur,
Letters from an American Farmer
, 121.
43.
Quoted in Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 206.
44.
Found at 8 Wheaton 543, 572 (1823).
45.
Hagan,
American Indians
, 70.
46.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 287.
47.
Ibid., 287.
48.
Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 12.
49.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 43.
50.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage
, 280.
51.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 16.
52.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 13.
53.
Ibid., 13.
54.
Ibid., 13.
55.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 124.
56.
Quoted in Smith,
A New Age Now Begins
, 167.
57.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 263.
58.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 34.
59.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 268.
60.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 102.
61.
Quoted in Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 1.
62.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 88.
63.
Ibid., 90.
64.
Hagan,
American Indians
, 39-40.
65.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 124.
66.
Ibid., 124.
67.
Quoted in Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 269.
68.
Quoted in Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 121-22.
69.
Quoted in Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 103.
70.
Crèvecoeur,
Letters from an American Farmer
, 49.
71.
Smith,
A New Age Now Begins
, 49.
72.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 202.
73.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 111.
74.
Ibid., 112.
75.
Hagan,
American Indians
, 89, 127-28.
76.
Jackson,
A Century of Dishonor
, 124.
77.
Crèvecoeur,
Letters from an American Farmer
, 78.
78.
Quoted in Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 215.
79.
Quoted in Smith,
A New Age Now Begins
, 108.
80.
Ibid., 108.
81.
Quoted in Pearce,
The Savages of America
, 21.
82.
Ibid.
83.
Pearce, 23.
84.
Quoted in Hays,
A Race at Bay
, 181.
85.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 349.
86.
Quoted in Kraus,
The United States to 1865
, 430.
87.
Kraus, 431.
88.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 88.
89.
Hays,
A Race at Bay
, 78.
90.
Quoted in Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 271.
91.
Driver,
Indians of North America
, 63.
92.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 289.
93.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 113-15.
94.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 119.
95.
Ibid., 120.
96.
Ibid., 138-39.
97.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 198.
98.
Brown,
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
, 114-15.
99.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 223.
100.
Ibid., 223. Axelrod, in
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, p. 210, said Custer seized 2 and sent the third back with the surrender terms.
101.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 103.
102.
Caesar,
The Gallic War
, l.xxi.
103.
Sallerst,
Jugurtha
, L-VIII 102; Caesar,
The Gallic War
, l.xxi.
104.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 24; Jackson,
A Century of Dishonor
, 79-80.
105.
West,
The Contested Plains
, 173-74.
106.
Ibid., 258.
107.
Ibid., 210.
108.
Ambrose,
Undaunted Courage
, 43-44.
109.
Ibid., 148.
110.
Ibid., 149-50.
111.
Ibid., 181.
112.
Ibid., 192.
113.
Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 43.
114.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 90.
115.
Brogan,
The American Character
, 10.
116.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 50.
117.
Driver,
Indians of North America
, 310.
118.
Ibid., 310.
119.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage
, 118.
120.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 27.
121.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States
, 188.
122.
Ibid., 286.
123.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 181.
124.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 188-89.
125.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 181.
1.
World Book
, vol. 7, 3.
2.
Wallbank, T. Walter, and Alastair M. Taylor,
Civilization—Past and Present
, vol. 1 (1942), 345.
3.
Ibid., 208-9; Bernard Grun,
The Timetables of History
(1979), 84.
4.
World Book
, vol. 10, 215.
5.
Wallbank and Taylor,
Civilization—Past and Present
, vol. 1, 345.
6.
Ibid., 421.
7.
World Book
, vol. 10, 215.
8.
Ibid., vol. 11, 107.
9.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 13.
10.
Newsweek
, Fall/Winter 1991, 26.
11.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States
, 236.
12.
Brandon,
Indians
, 71.
13.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 13.
14.
World Book
, vol. 1, 311.
15.
Kraus,
The United States to 1865
, 165.
16.
World Book
, vol. 21, 311.
17.
Ibid., vol. 5, 3.
18.
Wallbank and Taylor,
Civilization—Past and Present
, vol. 1, 511.
19.
Newsweek
, December 21, 1992, 75.
20.
Quoted in Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 1-2.
21.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 11-12.
22.
Ibid., 12.
23.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 21.
24.
Ibid., 21.
25.
Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 192.
26.
Brandon,
Indians
, 98. The engraving is also found in Washburn,
The Indian in America
, on p. 106, fig. 3.
27.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 98.
28.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 37.
29.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 98.
30.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 43.
31.
Bordewich,
Killing the White Man’s Indian
, 35.
32.
Heard,
White into Red
, 1.
33.
Ebersole,
Captured by Texts, 2.
34.
Ibid., 5.
35.
Ibid., 89.
36.
Ibid., 89.
37.
VanDerBeets, Richard,
Held Captive by Indians: Selected Narratives, 1642-1836(1972)
, xi.
38.
Ebersole,
Captured by Texts, 275.
The words
white Indians
were widely used to refer to whites who had abandoned white civilization.
39.
Quoted in Heard,
White into Red, 6.
40.
Heard, 7.
41.
Quoted in Carey, “A Study of the Indian Captivity Narratives,” 11.
42.
VanDerBeets,
Held Captive by Indians
, xii.
43.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 11.
44.
Carey, “A Study of the Indian Captivity Narratives,” 151, 178.
45.
Kelly,
My Captivity Among the Sioux
, vi-vii.
46.
Ibid., 251.
47.
VanDerBeets,
Held Captive by Indians
, xvi.
48.
Ebersole,
Captured by Texts
, 150.
49.
Ibid., 159.
50.
Ibid., 185.
51.
Ibid., 169.
52.
Ibid., 160.
53.
Ibid., 184.
54.
Ibid., 74.
55.
Ibid., 165.
56.
Ibid., 121.
57.
Ibid., 169.
58.
Ibid., 189.
59.
Kelly,
My Captivity Among the Sioux
, v.
60.
VanDerBeets,
Held Captive by Indians
, xxiv.
61.
Ibid., xxiii.
62.
Ibid., i.
63.
Carey, “A Study of the Indian Captivity Narratives,” 4.
64.
Berkhofer,
The White Man’s Indian
, 7.
65.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage
, 264.
66.
Ibid., 28.
67.
Ibid., 28.
68.
Quoted in Berkhofer,
The White Man’s Indian
, 8-9.
69.
Berkhofer, 10.
70.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 75.
71.
Driver,
Indians of North America
, 329.
72.
Ibid.
73.
“Cannibals of the Canyon,”
The New Yorker
, November 30, 1998, 77.
74.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 106.
75.
Heard,
White into Red
, 111-12.
76.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 75.
77.
Brinkley,
American Heritage History of the United States
, 30.
78.
Ebersole,
Captured by Texts, 77.
79.
Heard,
White into Red, 67.
80.
Ebersole,
Captured by Texts
, 223.
81.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 75.
82.
Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep, 97.
83.
Quoted in Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 75.
84.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 59.
85.
Debo,
A History of the Indians, 6.
86.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 197-98.
87.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 71.
88.
Coward,
The Newspaper Indian
, 33.
89.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 84.
90.
Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 192-93.
91.
Quoted in Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 75.
92.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians, 165-66.
93.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage, 77.
94.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 177.
95.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 184.
96.
Quoted in Robinson, Charles M., III,
The Men Who Wear the Star: The Story of the Texas Rangers
(2000), 49.
97.
Ibid., 49.
98.
Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 200-201.
99.
Quoted in Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep, 119.
100.
Robinson,
The Men Who Wear the Star
, 46.
101.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 88.
102.
Ibid., 88.
103.
Ibid., 89-90.
104.
Ibid., 90.
105.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 14.
106.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States
, 278.
1.
Brinkley,
American Heritage History of the United States
, 28.