The Wild Frontier (59 page)

31.
Foreman, 53.

32.
Ibid., 53.

33.
Ibid., 64-65.

34.
Ibid., 69-70.

35.
Quoted in Foreman, 63.

36.
Document quoted in Foreman, 63-64.

37.
Ibid., 63.

38.
Foreman, 64.

39.
Quoted in Foreman, 68-69.

40.
Ibid., 72.

41.
Foreman, 72.

42.
Ibid., 66-67. A Choctaw council act of 1829 recognized that it was an old Choctaw custom to punish persons “said to be wizzards
[sic]
or witches with death, without giving them a fair trial” and sought to regulate the practice. Quoted in Foreman, 67.

43.
Quoted in Foreman, 74.

44.
Ibid., 83-84, 89.

45.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 84.

46.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 122.

47.
Quoted in Foreman,
Indian Removal
, 332.

48.
Ibid., 333.

49.
Foreman, 334.

50.
Ibid., 339-40.

51.
Army and Navy Chronicle
quoted in Foreman, 343.

52.
Foreman, 367-68.

53.
Ibid., 370.

54.
Ibid., 378.

55.
Ibid., 385.

56.
Document quoted in Foreman, 108.

57.
Foreman, 126-28.

58.
Ibid., 128.

59.
Ibid., 152-57.

60.
Ibid., 158.

61.
Quoted in Foreman, 159.

62.
Foreman, 160.

63.
Ibid., 162-63.

64.
Quoted in Foreman, 163-64.

65.
Ibid., 160-62.

66.
Ibid., 166.

67.
Ibid., 170.

68.
Ibid., 119.

69.
Ibid., 173.

70.
Ibid., 173-74.

71.
Ibid., 176.

72.
Ibid., 182-83.

73.
Foreman, 185.

74.
Ibid., 187.

75.
Ibid.

76.
Catlin,
Letters and Notes
, 396.

77.
Foreman,
Indian Removal
, 197.

78.
Quoted in Foreman, 206.

79.
Foreman, 219.

80.
Quoted in Foreman, 220.

81.
Foreman, 209-12.

82.
Quoted in Foreman, 222-23.

83.
Foreman, 229.

84.
Ibid., 231-32.

85.
Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 170.

86.
Remini,
The Legacy of Andrew Jackson
, 78.

87.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 185.

88.
Foreman,
Indian Removal
, 253.

89.
Quoted in Foreman, 254.

90.
Ibid., 257.

91.
Foreman, 257.

92.
Ibid., 260-61.

93.
Quoted in Foreman, 262-63.

94.
Foreman, 263.

95.
Ibid., 273-74.

96.
Quoted in Foreman, 287.

97.
Foreman, 290-91.

98.
Quoted in Foreman, 291-93.

99.
Foreman, 294-96.

100.
Ibid., 301.

101.
Ibid., 299.

102.
Ibid., 300.

103.
Ibid., 300.

104.
Ibid., 302-3.

105.
Ibid., 310.

106.
Ibid., 303.

107.
Ibid., 305.

108.
Ibid., 309,311.

109.
Ibid., 311.

110.
Catlin,
Letters and Notes
, 392.

111.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 81.

112.
The report and recommendations are summarized in a pamphlet entitled
An Overview of the Labor Market Problems of Indians and Native Americans
, published in 1989 by the National Commission for Employment Policy. The report and recommendations are hereafter referred to simply as “Report from Overview.” This reference is from p. 3.

113.
Wilson, in
The Earth Shall Weep
, p. 227, said that it was “the U.S. practice of forcibly removing Indians.” The only Indians forcibly removed (principally Cherokee) were those who agreed to leave for Oklahoma by a date stated in their treaty and then stayed beyond that time.

114.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 84.

115.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 184.

116.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 88.

117.
Ibid., 81.

118.
Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 124.

119.
Foreman,
Indian Removal
, 310.

120.
The same method of making computations is used in Appendices B and C relating to the number of atrocity deaths.

121.
Remini,
The Legacy of Andrew Jackson
, 47.

122.
Ibid., 45.

123.
Ibid., 81-82.

124.
Foreman,
Indian Removal
, 386.

125.
Jackson,
A Century of Dishonor
, 381-82.

126.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 86-87.

127.
Quoted in Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 152.

128.
Axelrod, 152.

129.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 194.

130.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 138.

131.
Quoted in Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 212.

132.
Catlin,
Letters and Notes
, 271-72.

133.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 216.

134.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 259; Utley and Washburn in
Indian Wars
said that
Dr. Weedon cut off Osceola’s head and kept it as a souvenir for years.

135.
Matthiessen,
Indian Country
, 24-25.

136.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 218.

137.
Brandon,
Indians
, 239.

138.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 68-70.

139.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 173.

140.
Richardson,
The Comanche Barrier
, 111.

141.
Quoted in Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 178.

142.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 110-12.

143.
Richardson,
The Comanche Barrier
, 348.

144.
Debo, in
A History of the Indians
, p. 154, suggested the Indian children may have died because the Indians dealt with measles by giving a “treatment of a steam bath followed by a plunge in cold water.”

145.
Brandon,
Indians
, 306-7.

146.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 170.

147.
Trafzer and Hyer,
Exterminate Them!
, 104; Andrist,
Long Death
, 204.

148.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 142.

149.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 204-5; Trafzer and Hyer,
Exterminate Them!
, 104.

150.
Driver,
Indians of North America
, 490.

151.
Quoted in Trafzer and Hyer,
Exterminate Them!
, 65.

152.
Quoted in Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 165.

153.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 205.

154.
Quoted in Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 159.

155.
Trafzer and Hyer,
Exterminate Them!
, 12.

156.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 140.

157.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage
, 332.

158.
Trafzer and Hyer,
Exterminate Them!
, 43.

159.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 165.

160.
Trafzer and Hyer,
Exterminate Them!
, 30.

161.
Quoted in Trafzer and Hyer, 128-29.

162.
Trafzer and Hyer, 28.

163.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage
, 332.

164.
Trafzer and Hyer,
Exterminate Them!
, 18.

165.
Jackson,
A Century of Dishonor
, 483.

166.
Trafzer and Hyer,
Exterminate Them!
, 118.

167.
Quoted in Trafzer and Hyer, 116-17.

168.
Ibid., 120.

169.
Ibid., 121.

170.
Ibid., 121-22.

171.
Ibid., 122.

172.
Ibid., 51.

173.
Ibid., 13, 65.

174.
Ibid., 71.

175.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 204-5.

176.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 142.

177.
Trafzer and Hyer,
Exterminate Them!
, 17.

178.
Ibid., 36.

179.
Ibid., 37.

180.
Ibid., 14.

181.
Ibid., 114-15.

182.
Ibid., 18.

183.
Ibid., 56-58.

184.
Ibid., 73.

185.
Ibid., 39.

186.
Ibid., 64.

187.
Ibid., 74, 116.

188.
Ibid., 112.

189.
Ibid., 98-111.

190.
Ibid., 98.

191.
Ibid., 119.

192.
Ibid., 43.

193.
Ibid., 118.

194.
Ibid., 107.

195.
Ibid., 138.

196.
Quoted in Bordewich,
Killing the White Man’s Indian
, 50.

197.
Trafzer and Hyer,
Exterminate Them!
, 154. Trafzer and Hyer said on p. 136 that letters like this were “questionable at best,” yet they erroneously said the total of murdered whites in the letter was only 110 instead of 130.

198.
Bordewich,
Killing the White Man’s Indian
, 50.

199.
Trafzer and Hyer,
Exterminate Them!
, 44.

200.
Ibid., 45.

201.
Ibid., 66-67.

202.
Quoted in Trafzer and Hyer, 68.

203.
Trafzer and Hyer, 119-20.

204.
Ibid., 123.

205.
Quoted in Trafzer and Hyer, 69.

206.
Ibid., 124.

207.
Quoted in Debo,
A History of the Indians
, 165.

208.
Jackson,
A Century of Dishonor
, 382-83.

209.
Quoted in Trafzer and Hyer,
Exterminate Them!
, 47-48.

210.
Trafzer and Hyer, 130.

211.
Ibid., 49.

212.
Quoted in Trafzer and Hyer,
76-77.

213.
Ibid., 125.

214.
Trafzer and Hyer, 126.

215.
Quoted in Trafzer and Hyer, 127.

216.
Trafzer and Hyer, 28.

217.
Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 233.

218.
Trafzer and Hyer,
Exterminate Them!
, 129.

219.
Ibid., 70.

220.
Quoted in Trafzer and Hyer, 77.

221.
Bordewich,
Killing the White Man’s Indian
, 32.

222.
Quoted in Trafzer and Hyer,
Exterminate Them!
, 29.

223.
Trafzer and Hyer, 78.

224.
Ibid., 78.

225.
Ibid., 79.

226.
Ibid., 29.

227.
Ibid., 133.

228.
Ibid., 132.

229.
Ibid., 79.

230.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 142-43.

231.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 313.

232.
Brandon,
Indians
, 373.

233.
Kelly,
My Captivity Among the Sioux
, 208.

234.
Ebersole,
Captured by Texts
, 229.

235.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 136-37.

236.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 179.

237.
Robinson,
A Good Year to Die, 12.

238.
Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 19-20.

239.
Quoted in Lazarus,
Black Hills/White Justice
, 73.

240.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 173.

241.
Ibid., 173.

242.
Quoted in Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 179-80.

243.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 278.

244.
Quoted in Drimmer, 301.

245.
Robinson,
The Men Who Wear the Star
, 46-47.

246.
Quoted in Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 303.

247.
Drimmer, 282-313.

248.
World Book
, vol. 20, 194fn.

1.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 128.

2.
Reported in Brinkley,
American Heritage History of the United States
, 213.

3.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 50-51.

4.
Brady,
Indian Fights and Fighters
, ix.

5.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 184.

6.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 175-77.

7.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 238.