The Wild Frontier (58 page)

17.
Smith, 719-21.

18.
Quoted in Smith, 1155.

19.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States
, 278.

20.
Quoted in Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 267-68.

21.
Smith, A
New Age Now Begins
, 1235.

22.
Quoted in Smith, 912-13.

23.
Ibid., 913-14.

24.
Ibid., 1156.

25.
The American Heritage Book of the Revolution
, 319.

26.
Loudon,
Narratives
, vol. 1, 106.

27.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 108.

28.
The American Heritage Book of the Revolution
, 318.

29.
Loudon,
Narratives
, vol. 1, 104.

30.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 42.

31.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 107.

32.
Smith,
A New Age Now Begins
, 1157-58.

33.
Loudon,
Narratives
, vol. 1,
65-66.

34.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 142; Esarey,
A History of Indiana
, 48.

35.
Loudon,
Narratives
, vol. 1, 229-30.

36.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 123.

37.
Smith,
A New Age Now Begins
, 1159-60; Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 43.

38.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 109.

39.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 105-18.

40.
Smith,
A New Age Now Begins
, 1160.

41.
Ibid., 1161-62.

42.
Loudon,
Narratives
, vol. 1, 58-59.

43.
Ibid., vol. 2, 193.

44.
Loudon, vol. 1, 62-64; quoted in Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 204.

45.
Smith,
A New Age Now Begins
, 1199-1210; Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 68-69.

46.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 341-42.

47.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 111.

48.
Quoted in Smith, A
New Age Now Begins
, 1163.

49.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 342.

50.
Hagan,
American Indians
, 38; Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 70; Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 341-42.

51.
Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 129.

52.
Quoted in Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 112; Smith,
A New Age Now Begins
, 1170.

53.
Smith, 1181.

54.
Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 242.

55.
Wilson chose to rely on oral Indian traditions when they conflicted with written reports. He said such written reports were by 17th-and 18th-century people who sometimes “straightforwardly lied” about the Indians. He added that even those writers sympathetic to the Indians “probably misinterpreted what they saw.” Wilson, 44. This stance is disturbing in that it implies that almost no written report can be relied upon if it conflicts with an oral Indian tradition.

56.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 95.

57.
Smith, A
New Age Now Begins
, 1171.

58.
Loudon,
Narratives
, vol. 2, 69-159.

59.
Boyd,
Simon Girty
, 123-25.

60.
Ibid., 117-19.

61.
Ibid., 119-20.

62.
Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 187.

63.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 105-18.

64.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 121.

65.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 113.

66.
Boyd,
Simon Girty
, 137-38; Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 187-88.

67.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 121; Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 106.

68.
Axelrod, 121.

69.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 120.

70.
Ibid., 125.

71.
Ibid., 125.

72.
Loudon,
Narratives
, vol. 1, 1-15; Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 119-29; Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 185-87. Dr. Knight’s description comes to us in 3 somewhat different forms, one from Loudon, one from Drimmer, and one from Sheehan. The material quoted in the text consists of direct quotes from all 3.

73.
Loudon, vol. 1, 1-15; Drimmer, 119-29; Sheehan, 185-86.

74.
Drimmer, 119.

75.
Ibid., 120.

76.
Loudon,
Narratives
, vol. 1, 60-62.

77.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 133.

78.
Ibid., 134-35.

79.
Ibid., 135.

80.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 228.

81.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 137.

82.
Ibid., 137.

83.
Ibid., 138-41.

84.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 114.

85.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 79.

86.
Quoted in part in Smith,
A New Age Now Begins
, 1762-72.

87.
Loudon,
Narratives
, vol. 1, 33-34.

88.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 109-10, 121.

89.
Beveridge, Albert J.,
Abraham Lincoln
, vol. 1 (1928), 11; Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 14-15.

90.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 126-27.

91.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 350-51.

92.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 126-27.

93.
Ibid., 124.

94.
Ibid., 109.

95.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 188-89.

96.
Ibid., 189-92.

97.
Ibid., 210.

98.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 145.

99.
Ibid., 206.

100.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 124.

101.
Esarey,
A History of Indiana
, 76-78.

102.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 132-33.

103.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 137-39.

104.
Quoted in Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 105.

105.
Boyd,
Simon Girty
, 195-96.

106.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 141-42.

107.
Ibid., 142.

108.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 109-10.

109.
Loudon,
Narratives
, vol. 1, 88-90.

110.
Quoted in Loudon, vol. 1, 88-100.

111.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 190.

112.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 310-11.

113.
Esarey,
A History of Indiana
, 116.

114.
Quoted in Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 145.

115.
Gilbert, 145-46.

116.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 113.

117.
Ibid., 113.

118.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 125.

119.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 114.

120.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 150.

121.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 84.

122.
Quoted in Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 125-26.

123.
Loudon,
Narratives
, vol. 1, 69-73.

124.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 183.

125.
Quoted in Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 204.

126.
Sheehan, 204.

127.
Ibid., 6.

128.
Quoted in Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 197-98.

129.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 235.

130.
Ibid., 224.

131.
Quoted in Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 222-23. Tecumseh himself was an excellent orator. William Henry Harrison heard him reviewing atrocities against the Indians in 1803, including Gnadenhutten and the death of Moluntha described above. Harrison reported to the War Department, “Every instance of injustice and injury which have been committed by our citizens upon the Indians from the commencement of the revolutionary war (There are unfortunately too many of them) was brought forward and exaggerated.” Quoted in Gilbert, 206.

132.
Loudon,
Narratives
, vol. 1, 107-10.

133.
Ibid., vol. 2, 186.

134.
Ibid., 187.

135.
Ibid., 187-89.

136.
Ibid., 309-11.

137.
Ibid., 310-12.

138.
Ibid., 313.

139.
Ibid., 313-15.

140.
Ibid., 316-17.

141.
Kelly,
My Captivity Among the Sioux
, 238-40.

142.
Brinkley,
American Heritage History of the United States
, 131.

143.
Ibid., 131-32.

144.
Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 156.

145.
Brinkley,
American Heritage History of the United States
, 132-33.

146.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 164-65.

147.
Goodrich,
Scalp Dance
, 190.

148.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 134.

149.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 156.

150.
Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 242.

151.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 120-21.

152.
Quoted in Carey, “A Study of the Indian Captivity Narratives,” 164.

153.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 286-87.

154.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 256-57.

155.
Ibid., 258-63.

156.
Ibid., 263-64.

157.
Quoted in Drimmer, 264-67.

158.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 294.

159.
Ibid., 297.

160.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 81.

161.
Ibid., 179-81.

162.
Ibid., 181.

163.
Ibid., 179-81.

164.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 19-20.

165.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage
, 331.

166.
Coward,
The Newspaper Indian
, 18.

1.
Quoted in Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 244.

2.
Sheehan, 245.

3.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 181.

4.
The phrase “Trail of Tears” was given to their last removal by the Cherokee, but now the name means the removal of all 5 tribes. Waldman,
Atlas
, 185.

5.
Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 52-53.

6.
Remini, Robert V.,
The Legacy of Andrew Jackson: Essays on Democracy, Indian Removal, and Slavery
(1988), 67.

7.
Quoted in Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 55.

8.
Ibid., 54.

9.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 63.

10.
Ibid., 213-15.

11.
Ibid., 74-75.

12.
Ibid., 53-54.

13.
Ibid., 43-48.

14.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 183-85.

15.
Foreman,
Indian Removal
, 399.

16.
Ibid., 3.

17.
Ibid., preface 2. In similar fashion, Helen Hunt Jackson stated, “The army are not responsible for Indian wars; they are ‘men under authority, who go where they are sent.’“ Jackson,
A Century of Dishonor
, xx.

18.
Quoted in Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 140.

19.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 143.

20.
Exploring-party members David and Robert Folsom quoted in Foreman,
Indian Removal
, 31-32.

21.
Foreman, 35.

22.
Ibid., 42.

23.
Ibid., 42.

24.
Ibid., 47.

25.
Quoted in Foreman, 98.

26.
Ibid., 76-77.

27.
Foreman, 88-89. Disease, especially dysentery and cholera, were tremendous problems at this time and even at later times. Both can be caused by infected water or food, and either can be found in cramped quarters such as a detainment camp. General Jackson himself got dysentery in the field a few years before he became president. Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 170.

28.
Ambrose,
Undaunted Courage
, 225, 235.

29.
Letter to
Cherokee Phoenix
quoted in Foreman,
Indian Removal
, 97.

30.
Document quoted in Foreman, 79. U
.S.
Senate Document No. 512 is a compilation of the correspondence in the War Department concerning Indian removal from 1831 to 1833 and is cited hereafter as “Document.”