The Wizards of Langley (55 page)

41
. Ibid.

42
. Ibid.

43
. Ibid.

44
. Ibid., pp. 55–56.

45
. Ibid., p. 56.

46
. Ibid.

47
. Robert A. McDonald, “CORONA: Success for Space Reconnaissance, a Look into the Cold War, and a Revolution in Intelligence,”
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
60, 6 (June 1995): 689–720 at 715–716.

48
. Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach,
The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead
Reconnaissance: The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954–1974
(Washington, D.C.: CIA, 1992), p. 200.

49
. Ibid., pp. 200–201.

50
. Dino Brugioni,
Eyeball to Eyeball: The Inside Story of the Cuban Missile Crisis
(New York: Random House, 1991), p. 105.

51
. Pedlow and Welzenbach,
The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance
, p. 205.

52
. Ibid., p. 206.

53
. Ibid., pp. 206–207.

54
. Interview with Jack C. Ledford, Arlington, Virginia, October 7, 1999.

55
. Ibid.; United States Air Force, Biography: Brigadier General Jack C. Ledford, n.d.

56
. Pedlow and Welzenbach,
The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance
, p. 207.

57
. Ibid.;
Office of Special Projects, 1965–1970, Volume One, Chapters I-II
(Washington, D.C.: CIA, 1973), p. 100; Ledford interview.

58
. Pedlow and Welzenbach,
The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance
, pp. 207–208.

59
. Capt. Sanders A. Laubenthal,
The Missiles in Cuba, 1962: The Role of SAC Intelligence
(Of-futt AFB, Nebr.: Strategic Air Command, 1984), pp. 22–26.

60
. Pedlow and Welzenbach,
The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance
, pp. 208–209.

61
. McDonald, “CORONA,” p. 700; Director of Central Intelligence, SNIE 13-2-63, “Communist China’s Advanced Weapons Program,” July 24, 1963, pp. 4, 5–6; National Photographic Interpretation Center, CIA, “Search for Uranium Mining in the Vicinity of A-Ko-Su, China,” August 1963, in Kevin Ruffner (ed.),
CORONA: America’s First Satellite
(Washington, D.C.: CIA, 1995), pp. 175–183 at p. 176.

62
. National Photographic Interpretation Center, CIA, “Chronological Developments of the Ka-pustin Yar/Vladimirovka and Tyuratam Missile Test Centers, USSR, 1957 Through 1963,” November 1963, in Ruffner (ed.),
CORONA
, pp. 191–196 at pp. 192–193; National Photographic Interpretation Center, CIA, “Suspect CW Agent Production Plants—Dzerzhinsk USSR, Changes Since 1962,” August 1963, in Ruffner (ed.),
CORONA
, pp. 185–189; National Photographic Interpretation Center, CIA, “Probable Solid Propellants Testing Facilities and Associated Explosives Plants in the USSR,” December 1963, in Ruffner (ed.),
CORONA
, pp. 197–214 at pp. 199, 213.

63
. Pedlow and Welzenbach,
The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance
, p. 289.

64
. Thomas P. McIninch, “The OXCART Story,”
Studies in Intelligence
15, 1 (Winter 1971): 1–34 at 11–12.

65
. Ibid., pp. 12–13.

66
. Ibid., p. 13.

67
. Ibid., pp. 13–14; telephone conversation with Albert Wheelon, January 28, 2000.

68
. Dwayne A. Day, “The Development and Improvement of the CORONA Satellite,” in Dwayne A. Day, John M. Logsdon, and Brian Latell (eds.),
Eye in the Sky: The Story of the CORONA Spy
Satellites
(1998), pp. 48–85 at pp. 75–77; McDonald, “CORONA,” p. 695.

69
. Interview with a former CIA official; Welzenbach, “Science and Technology,” p. 24.

70
. Dwayne A. Day, “A Failed Phoenix: The KH-6 LANYARD Reconnaissance Satellite,”
Space-flight
39, 5 (May 1997): 170–174; McDonald, “CORONA,” p. 694.

71
. Day, “A Failed Phoenix.”

72
. Frederic C.E. Oder, James C. Fitzpatrick, and Paul E. Worthman,
The CORONA Story
(Washington, D.C.: NRO, 1987), p. 92; Welzenbach, “Science and Technology,” p. 26; Herbert Scoville Jr., letter to John A. McCone, April 25, 1963.

73
. Herbert Scoville Jr., letter to John A. McCone, April 25, 1963.

74
. Roswell Gilpatric, Deputy Secretary of Defense, to Allen W. Dulles, Director of Central Intelligence, September 6, 1961.

75
. Robert Perry,
A History of Satellite Reconnaissance, Volume 5: Management of the National
Reconnaissance Program, 1960–1965
(Washington, D.C.: NRO, 1969), pp. 42, 47, 51.

76
. Ibid., p. 49.

77
. Ibid., pp. 49–50; interview with Joseph V. Charyk, June 1, 1999; Herbert R. Scoville Jr., Deputy Director (Research), Memorandum for Dr. Charyk, Subject: SecDef-DCI Agreement on NRO, April 20, 1962.

78
. “Agreement Between Secretary of Defense and the Director of Central Intelligence on Responsibilities of the National Reconnaissance Office,” May 2, 1962;
Office of Special Projects,
1965–1970, Volume Four: Appendixes B, C, & D & Annex I
(Washington, D.C.: CIA, 1973), p. 6 in CAL Records 2/A/0077; Perry,
A History of Satellite Reconnaissance, Volume 5
, pp. 51–52.

79
. Joseph V. Charyk, Memorandum for: NRO Program Directors, NRO Staff, Subject: (S) Organization and Functions of the NRO, July 23, 1962; Gerald K. Haines,
The National Reconnaissance
Office: Its Origins, Creation, and Early Years
(Washington, D.C.: NRO, 1997), p. 22; Martin interview; Secretary of the Air Force/Public Affairs, “Biography: Major General John L. Martin, Jr.”; telephone interview with Albert Wheelon, May 19, 1997; interview with a former CIA official; Jeffrey T. Richelson, “The Wizards of Langley: The CIA’s Directorate of Science and Technology, 1962–1996,”
Intelligence and National Security
12, 1 (January 1997): 82–103; Organization Chart, Office of Special Activities, July 1962;
GRAB: Galactic RAdiation and Background
(Washington, D.C.: NRL, 1997); Dwayne A. Day, “Listening from Above: The First Signals Intelligence Satellite,”
Spaceflight
41, 8 (August 1999): 339–346.

80
. Col. John L. Martin Jr., Memorandum for the Record, Subject: 22–23 May Conference on NRO, May 24, 1962; Perry,
A History of Satellite Reconnaissance, Volume 5
, p. 53.

81
. Perry,
A History of Satellite Reconnaissance, Volume 5
, p. 61.

82
. Ibid., pp. 61, 63–64.

83
. Herbert Scoville Jr., Memorandum for: Director, National Reconnaissance Office, Subject: Comments on Organization and Functions of NRO, August 29, 1962.

84
. Wheelon interview; interview with John McMahon, Los Altos, California, November 17, 1998.

85
. Wheelon interview; McMahon interview.

86
. Interview with Edward Giller, June 29, 1999; Wheelon, “Genesis of a Unique National Capability.”

87
. Scoville, Comments on Organization and Functions of NRO.

88
. Perry,
A History of Satellite Reconnaissance, Volume 5
, p. 67.

89
. Ibid., pp. 67, 73.

90
. Ibid., pp. 71–73.

91
. Ibid., p. 73–74.

92
. Ibid., p. 74; Wheelon, “Genesis of a Unique National Capability.”

93
. Perry,
A History of Satellite Reconnaissance, Volume 5
, p. 75.

94
. Ibid.

95
. National Security Council Intelligence Directive No. 5, “U.S. Espionage and Counterintelligence Activities Abroad,” January 18, 1961.

96
. Oder, Kirkpatrick, and Worthman,
The CORONA Story
, pp. 90–91; telephone interview with Brockway McMillan, September 15, 1999; Buzard interview.

97
. Perry,
A History of Satellite Reconnaissance, Volume 5
, p. 78.

98
. Ibid., p. 91; Joseph Charyk, “A Summary Review of the National Reconnaissance Office,” February 25, 1963.

99
. Perry,
A History of Satellite Reconnaissance,
pp. 93, 96–97.

100
. l. Edward Giller, Assistant Deputy Director, Research, Memorandum for the Record, Subject: Meeting Between Mr. McCone and Dr. McMillan–21 March 1963, March 22, 1963, NRO CAL Records, 1/E/0011. Perhaps McCone believed the agreement was more workable because he did not see it as significantly limiting his authority over the DNRO. Thus, in the same meeting, he also voiced his displeasure to Charyk’s successor about the state of the satellite reconnaissance program. He also wanted to know if certain instructions he had given to the DNRO had been carried out, obtained a promise from the DNRO to produce a new launch schedule for presentation to the USIB, and instructed him to involve the NRO in the aerial portion of the NRP.

101
. John A. McCone, Director of Central Intelligence, and Roswell Gilpatric, “Agreement between the Secretary of Defense and the Director of Central Intelligence on Management of the National Reconnaissance Program,” March 13, 1963, p. 1.

102
. Ibid., pp. 1–2.

103
. Ibid., pp. 3–4.

104
. Perry,
A History of Satellite Reconnaissance, Volume 5
, pp. 93–96.

105
. Oder, Fitzpatrick, and Worthman,
The CORONA Story
, p. 92; Buzard interview.

106
. Oder, Fitzpatrick, and Worthman,
The CORONA Story
, p. 92.

107
. Ibid.

108
. Ibid.

109
. Interview with Herbert Scoville, McLean, Virginia, 1983.

110
. Giller interview.

1
. Donald E. Welzenbach, “Science and Technology: Origins of a Directorate,”
Studies in Intelligence
30, 2 (Summer 1986): 13–26 at 24; interview with John McMahon, Los Altos, California, November 17, 1998.

2
. Welzenbach, “Science and Technology,” p. 24.

3
. Ibid., pp. 24–25.

4
. Ibid., pp. 25–26.

5
. Ibid., p. 26; Albert D. Wheelon, “Genesis of a Unique National Capability,” December 19, 1984, address at CIA, p. 12; CIA, HN 20-49, “Announcement of Assignment to Key Position Deputy Director (Intelligence),” June 4, 1962.

6
. Central Intelligence Agency,
R. V. Jones Intelligence Award Ceremony Honoring Dr. Albert
Wheelon
, December 13, 1994; Central Intelligence Agency, “Biographic Profile, Albert Dewell Wheelon,” May 10, 1966; interview with Albert Wheelon, Montecito, California, November 11–12, 1998; Robert P. Crease and Charles C. Mann,
The Second Creation: Makers of the Revolution in
20th-Century Physics
(New York: Macmillan, 1986), p. 175.

7
. Vita, Albert D. Wheelon, April 10, 1999.

8
. Wheelon interview; Wheelon, “Genesis of a Unique National Capability,” pp. 7–8.

9
. Wheelon interview; Wheelon, “Genesis of a Unique National Capability,” pp. 8–9; telephone conversation with Bud Wheelon, January 28, 2000.

10
. Wheelon interview; telephone conversation with Albert Wheelon, September 16, 1999; Wheelon telephone conversation, January 28, 2000.

11
. MSC [Marshall S. Carter], Memorandum for the Director, February 22, 1963.

12
. Welzenbach, “Science and Technology,” p. 26; Wheelon, “Genesis of a Unique National Capability,” p. 12; Wheelon interview; interview with Albert Wheelon, Montecito, California, June 14, 1999.

13
. Wheelon interview, June 14, 1999.

14
. Ibid.

15
. Ibid.

16
. Ibid.

17
. Ibid.

18
. Wheelon, “Genesis of a Unique National Capability,” pp. 12–13; Wheelon interview, June 14, 1999; Welzenbach, “Science and Technology,” p. 26.

19
. Lt. Gen. Marshall S. Carter, Acting DCI, HN 1-36, August 5, 1963, NARA, CIA HRP 89-2, RG 263, NN3-263-94-010, Box 5, HS/HC 706, Folder 7; Diary Notes for Colonel White, August 6, 1963, 2000 CIA Release.

20
. Interview with Brig. Gen. Jack C. Ledford, Arlington, Virginia, October 7, 1999.

21
. Lt. Gen. Marshall S. Carter, Acting DCI, HN 1-36, August 5, 1963.

22
. Wheelon interview, May 11–12, 1998.

23
. Telephone interview with Albert Wheelon, April 2, 1997; Wheelon interview, June 14, 1999; interview with Karl Weber, Oakton, Virginia, May 5, 1999.

24
. John Ranelagh,
The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA, from Wild Bill Donovan to
William Casey
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), p. 491; interview with Albert Wheelon, Mon-tecito, California, March 21, 2000.