The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945 (113 page)

106. Jeremy Noakes, “The Development of Nazi Policy Towards the German-Jewish ‘Mischlinge’ 1933–1945,” in
Holocaust
, ed. David Cesarani, vol. 2 (London, 2004), p. 280. See also Beate Meyer,
“Jüdische Mischlinge”: Rassenpolitik und Verfolgungserfahrung 1933–1945
(Hamburg, 1999).

107. Walk,
Das Sonderrecht
, p. 325.

108. Heiber,
Akten der Partei-Kanzlei der NSDAP,
vol. 1, Part 2, abs. no. 24935.

109. Walk,
Das Sonderrecht
, p. 327.

110. William L. Shirer,
Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934–1941
(New York, 1941; reprint, Boston, 1988), pp. 520–21.

111. Walk,
Das Sonderrecht
, p. 330.

112. Marion A. Kaplan,
Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany
(New York, 1998), p. 153.

113. Walk,
Das Sonderrecht
, p. 332.

114. Ibid.

115. See Supra, chapter 1, pp. 15ff.

116. Kurt Pätzold, ed.,
Verfolgung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung: Dokumente des faschistischen Antisemitismus 1933 bis 1942
. (Frankfurt am Main, 1984), p. 266; Walk,
Das Sonderrecht
, p. 324.

117. Klemperer,
I Will Bear Witness
, vol. 1, pp. 345–46.

118. Quoted and summed up in Moshe Ayalon, “Jewish Life in Breslau, 1938–1941,”
Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook
(1996), pp. 327–28. For a considerably abridged version of Cohn’s diary during the year 1941, see Joseph Walk, ed.,
Als Jude in Breslau 1941: Aus den Tagebüchern von Studienrat a. D. Dr. Willy Israel Cohn
(Gerlingen: 1984).

119. Hertha Feiner,
Vor der Deportation: Briefe an die Töchter, Januar 1939–Dezember 1942
, ed. Karl Heinz Jahnke (Frankfurt am Main, 1993), p. 16.

120. Ibid., p. 64.

121. Ibid., p. 77.

122. Quoted in “‘Protocols,’ Nazi Propaganda Ministry,” in Rebecca Rovit and Alvin Goldfarb, eds.,
Theatrical Performance during the Holocaust: Texts, Documents, Memoirs
(Baltimore, 1999), p. 76.

123. Ibid., p. 77.

124. Ibid., p. 78.

125. Ibid., p. 79.

126. Joseph Goebbels,
Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels: Sämtliche Fragmente
, ed. Elke Fröhlich (Munich, 1987), part 1, vol. 8, p. 35.

127. Ibid., p. 165.

128. Ibid., p. 279.

129. Juliane Wetzel, “Die Rothschilds,” in Wolfgang Benz, Hermann Graml, and Hermann Weiss, eds.,
Enzyklopädie des Nationalsozialismus
(Stuttgart, 1997), p. 705.

130. These details about the film were taken from David Culbert, “The Impact of anti-Semitic Film Propaganda on German Audiences:
Jew Süss
and
The Wandering Jew
(1940),” in
Art, Culture, and Media Under the Third Reich
, ed. Richard A. Etlin (Chicago, 2002), pp. 139ff.

131. Susan Tegel, “‘The Demonic Effect’: Veit Harlan’s Use of Jewish Extras in
Jud Süss
,”
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
14, no. 2 (2000), pp. 215ff. About further aspects of the film, see also, most recently, Alexandra Przyrembel and Jörg Schönert, eds.,
Jud Süss: Hofjude, literarische Figur, antisemitisches Zerrbild
. (Frankfurt am Main, 2006).

132. Quoted in Eric Rentschler,
The Ministry of Illusion: Nazi Cinema and its After-
life
(Cambridge, MA, 1996), pp. 153–54. (Antonioni remains better known as director of
L’Avventura
and particularly of
Blow-Up
.)

133. Goebbels,
Tagebücher
, part 1, vol. 8, p. 345.

134. Ibid. p. 346.

135. Kulka and Jäckel,
Die Juden in den geheimen NS-Stimmungsberichten 1933–1945
, p. 435.

136. Ibid., p. 434.

137. Quoted in Josef Wulf, ed.,
Theater und Film im Dritten Reich: Eine Dokumentation
(Frankfurt/am Main, 1989), p. 405.

138. Rentschler,
The Ministry of Illusion
, p. 154.

139. Goebbels,
Tagebücher,
part 1, vol. 8, p. 372.

140. Wulf,
Theater und Film
, p. 410.

141. Yizhak Ahren, Stig Hornshøj-Møller, and Christoph B. Melchers,
Der ewige Jude: Wie Goebbels hetzte: Untersuchungen zum nationalsozialistischen Propagandafilm
(Aachen, 1990), p. 23. The film was entirely based on graphic demonstrations and on the mixing of images and sequences taken from different sources: Nazi filming of Jews in Poland (in Lodz, for example, as we saw); sequences from Yiddish films; newsreel footage representing various German Jewish individuals and revolutionary scenes of the postwar period; scenes from a Leni Riefenstahl film and of German everyday working life. A sophisticated intercutting technique was used to show how a repulsive ghetto Jew became an assimilated Western Jew when he exchanged his traditional garb for Western clothes, cut sidelocks and beard, and thereby appeared as an almost unrecognizable and successful member of modern society. Bankers and stock exchange tycoons extended their spiderlike control over the productive potential of the nations, whereas Jewish revolutionaries incited the masses against the ruling order. The Jewish domination of journalism, culture, and the arts all led to the same disintegration. The “Relativitätsjude” (relativity Jew) Albert Einstein and the “Bühnediktator” (stage dictator) Max Reinhardt, were of the same ilk. And every year, on Purim, Jews the world over celebrated their murderous vengeance against their enemies at the Persian court, 75,000 of whom were slaughtered. (The Purim scenes, for instance were lifted from two Yiddish films—Joseph Green’s
Der Purim Schpiler
[1937] and
Yidl mitn Fidl
[1936].) Hilmar Hoffmann,
Und die Fahne führt uns in die Ewigkeit: Propaganda im NS-Film
(Frankfurt am Main, 1988), p. 167.

142. Quoted in Hermann Glaser, “Film,” in Benz, Graml, and Weiss, eds.
Enzyklopädie des Nationalsozialismus
, p. 175.

143. Hoffmann,
Und die Fahne
, p. 166.

144. Ibid.

145. Dorothea Hollstein,
“Jud Süss” und die Deutschen: Antisemitische Vorurteile im nationalsozialistischen Spielfilm
(1971; reprint, Frankfurt/am Main, 1983), pp. 116–17.

146. For the Goebbels-Rosenberg feud during the 1930s, see Friedländer,
Nazi Germany and the Jews, Volume 1
, pp. 131ff.

147. Erik Levi,
Music in the Third Reich
(New York, 1994), p. 80.

148. Ibid.

149. Ibid., pp. 80ff.

150. O. D. Kulka, “The ‘Reichsvereinigung of the Jews in Germany’ (1938/9–1943),” in
Patterns of Jewish Leadership in Nazi Europe, 1933–1945
, ed. Cynthia J. Haft and Yisrael Gutman (Jerusalem, 1979), p. 56.

151. The Gestapo had the addresses of all Jews in Baden and the Palatinate, as everywhere else in the Reich, on the basis of the
Judenkartei
, the regularly updated list of all members of the community, established by every local Reichsvereinigung office. See among others, David Martin Luebke and Sybil Milton, “Locating the Victim: An Overview of Census-Taking, Tabulation Technology, and Persecution in Nazi Germany,”
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
16, no. 3 (1994), pp. 25ff and in particular 33.

152. Yahil,
The Holocaust
, p. 234

153. Paul Sauer, “Otto Hirsch (1885–1941): Director of the Reichsvertretung,” in
Yearbook of the Leo Baeck Institute
(1987), p. 367.

154. For an assessment of the ghetto population on May 1, 1940, see Lucjan Dobroszycki, Introduction, in
The Chronicle of the Lódz Ghetto, 1941–1944
(New Haven, 1984), p. xxxix n. 103.

155. For the ghetto’s isolation, see ibid., pp. xxxiiiff.

156. For these statistics see Alan Adelson and Robert Lapides, eds.,
Lodz Ghetto: Inside a Community Under Siege
(New York: 1989), p. 36.

157. Frank,
Diensttagebuch
, p. 281.

158. Emanuel Ringelblum,
Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto: The Journal of Emmanuel Ringelblum
, ed. Jacob Sloan (New York, 1974), pp. 61–62.

159. Kaplan,
Scroll of Agony: The Warsaw Diary of Chaim A. Kaplan
, p. 203.

160. Czerniaków,
Warsaw Diary
, p. 206.

161. Yisrael Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, 1939–1943: Ghetto, Underground, Revolt
(Bloomington, 1982), p. 63.

162. Isaiah Trunk,
Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation
(New York, 1972), p. 145.

163. Antony Polonsky and Norman Davies, eds.,
Jews in Eastern Poland and the USSR, 1939–46
(New York, 1991), p. 288.

164. For Ringelblum’s comments see Yitzhak Arad, Yisrael Gutman and Abraham Margaliot, eds.,
Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union
(Lincoln, NE, and Jerusalem, 1999), pp. 235–36.

165. For all biographical details, see Derek Bowman, introduction to Dawid Rubinowicz,
The Diary of Dawid Rubinowicz
(Edmonds, WA, 1982), pp. viiff.

166. Ibid., p. 3.

167. Ibid.

168. Ibid., p. 5.

169. Ibid., p. 6.

170. Walter Manoschek, ed.,
“Es gibt nur eines für das Judentum—Vernichtung”: Das Judenbild in deutschen Soldatenbriefen 1939–1944
(Hamburg, 1997), p. 18.

171. Ibid., p. 16.

172. Ibid., p. 19.

173. In the fall of 1940 the Jewish population included refugees from Holland and Belgium who did not return to their countries and, from the end of October 1940 on, also the Jews expelled from Baden, the Saar, and the Palatinate. These numbers, all based on post–June 1940 computations, do not include some 10,000 to 15,000 Jewish prisoners of war, nor do they take into account that in the various censuses, a few thousand foreign Jews did not register. See André Kaspi,
Les Juifs pendant l’occupation
(Paris, 1991), pp. 18ff.

174. On this period of harmony see, among others, Paula Hyman,
From Dreyfus to Vichy: The Remaking of French Jewry, 1906–1939
(New York, 1979), pp. 33ff. See also Saul Friedländer,
The Third Reich and the Jews,
vol. 1, chapter 7.

175. About this policy reversal, see Regina M. Delacor, “From Potential Friends to Potential Enemies: The Internment of ‘Hostile Foreigners’ in France at the Beginning of the Second World War,”
Journal of Contemporary History
35, no. 3 (July 2000), pp. 361ff.

176. For these events see mainly Grynberg,
Les camps de la honte
and Anne Grynberg, “1939–1940: L’Internement en temps de guerre. Les politiques de la France et de la Grande-Bretagne,”
Vingtième Siècle: Revue d’Histoire
(1997), pp. 24ff.

177. Lion Feuchtwanger,
The Devil in France: My Encounter with Him in the Summer of 1940
(New York, 1941), p. 8. For another particularly vivid description of incarceration at Le Vernet and of the outbursts of French anti-Semitism during the collapse of the country, see Arthur Koestler,
Scum of the Earth
(New York, 1947), pp. 96ff., 142, 193, 237ff.

178. Renée Poznanski,
Être juif en France pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
(Paris, 1994), p. 55.

179. Quoted in Burrin,
France Under the Germans
, p. 56.

180. Kaspi,
Les Juifs pendant l’occupation
, p. 56.

181. Jeannine Verdès-Leroux,
Refus et violences: Politique et littérature à l’extrême droite des années trente aux retombées de la Libération
(Paris, 1996), p. 164.

182. The best analysis of these personalities and parties is in Burrin,
France Under the Germans
, and in Philippe Burrin,
La dérive fasciste: Doriot, Déat, Bergery, 1933–1945
(Paris, 1986).

183.
Foreign Relations of the United States, General and Europe 1940
, vol. 2 (Washington, D.C., 1957), p. 565.

184. A 1927 law had eased the naturalization process. The intention of Alibert’s commission was clear: Forty percent of the naturalizations that were cancelled were those of Jews. See Robert O. Paxton,
Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944
(New York, 2001), p. 171.

185. Michael R. Marrus and Robert O. Paxton,
Vichy et les juifs
(Paris, 1990), pp. 17–18.

186. For the full text of both laws, see ibid., p. 399–401.

187. Pétain’s own anti-Semitism was apparently fed by his wife (
La Mar
é
chale
) and by his physician, Dr. Bernard Ménétrel. See Denis Peschanski,
Vichy, 1940–1944: Contrôle et exclusion
(Bruxelles, 1997), p. 78.

188. Scholarly studies of these issues and of French anti-Jewish policies during the war are very extensive by now. Of necessity, only a few will be mentioned in this volume. On the responsibility regarding the statutes of October 1940 (and June 1941) and various reactions see in particular Denis Peschanski, “The Statutes on Jews, October 3, 1940 and June 2, 1941,”
Yad Vashem Studies
22 (1992), pp. 65ff.; Pierre Laborie, “The Jewish Statutes in Vichy France and Public Opinion,”
Yad Vashem Studies
22 (1992), pp. 89ff; Renée Poznanski, “The Jews of France and the Statutes on Jews, 1940–1941,”
Yad Vashem Studies
22 (1992), pp. 115ff.

189. Quoted in Kaspi,
Les Juifs pendant l’occupation
, pp. 61–62.

190. Peschanski,
Vichy, 1940–1944: Contrôle et exclusion
, p. 180.

191. Marrus and Paxton,
Vichy et les juifs
, p. 28.

192. François Bédarida and Renée Bédarida, “La Persécution des Juifs,” in
La France des années noires
, vol. 2,
De l’occupation à la libération
, ed. Jean-Pierre Azéma and François Bédarida (Paris, 1993), pp. 135–36.