This Is Only Test How Washington Prepared for Nuclear War (39 page)

1. Acheson,
   Present
   , 405.
   
2. “Washington Unit Rushes Plan for Civilian Defense,”
   Washington Times-Herald
   , June 27, 1950, 4.
   
3. Clipping from the
   WP
   , July 11, 1950, Vertical File, folder “1950,” Tugwell Room, Greenbelt (Md.) Public Library.
   
4. Quoted in “Civil Defense: The City Under the Bomb,
   ”
   Time
   LVI, no. 14 (October 2, 1950): 12.
   
5. CR
   , 81st Cong., 2nd sess., June 28, 1950, vol. 96, part 7, 9420.
   
1. Committee on the District of Columbia,
   Authorizing the District of Columbia Government to Establish an Office of Civil Defense
   , 81st Cong., 2nd sess., June 30, 1950, H. Rept. 2469,
   House of Representatives Reports
   vol. 11382; “Civilian Defense Bill for D.C. to Come Up in House Tomorrow,”
   WS
   , July 9, 1950, sec. A,
   
2. p.
   19; Pace to Lawton, August 4, 1950, and Roger Jones to William Hopkins, August 10, 1950, box 73, folder “August 11, 1950 {HR 6461-HJ Res. 461},” HST Papers, White House Bill File.
   
6. CR
   , 81st Cong., 2nd sess., July 13 and 26, 1950, vol. 96, part 8, 10089, 11066; August 1, 1950, vol. 96, part 9, 11500.
   
7. CR
   , 81st Cong., 2nd sess., August 25, 1950, vol. 96, part 10, 13520-3; “House Votes $290,000 Fund for District Civil Defense,”
   WP
   , August 26, 1950; “Conferees Approve $100,000 for District Civilian Defense,”
   WS
   , September 17, 1950.
   
8. David McCullough,
   Tr
   uman
   (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 790–7 (the quote is on 792).
   
9. Oral history interview with Frederick J. Lawton by Charles T. Morrissey, Washington, D.C., June 17 and July 9, 1963, HSTL; Lawton memorandum, July 3, 1950, box 6, folder “Truman . . . Agendas & Memorandums, 7/49
   7/52,” Papers of Frederick J. Lawton, HSTL.
   
10. “President’s News Conference,” November 17, 1949 and “President’s News Conference,” March 2, 1950,
    PPP: Harry S. Truman, 1949
    and
    1950
    , 572, 182.
    
11. Lawton memoranda, September 1 and 6, 1950, box 6, folder “Truman . . . Agendas & Memorandums, 7/49-7/52,” Lawton Papers; press release, August 30, 1950, box 21, folder “National Defense—Civil Defense,” Papers of Stephen Spingarn, Assistant to the President File, HSTL; Senate Document 218 (81st Cong., 2nd sess.),
    Senate Miscellaneous Reports
    vol. 11401; “Officials Explain Dispersal Plan for Bureaus,”
    WS
    , August 31, 1950.
    
12. CR
    , 81st Cong., 2nd sess., August 31, 1950, vol. 96, part 10, 13972, 13975, 14005; “Plan to Decentralize Washington Delayed after House Criticism,”
    WS
    , September 1, 1950.
    
13. “The President’s News Conference of August 31, 1950,”
    PPP
    , 607.
    
14. “Third War Threat May Erase ‘Tempos’ of Earlier Conflicts,”
    WS
    , August 31, 1950; “Senator to Urge Succession Plan as Defense Step,”
    WS
    , September 15, 1950.
    
15. CR
    , 81st Cong., 2nd sess., August 31 and September 14, 1950, vol. 96, part 10, 14005, 14012, 14789–90; “Senator to Urge Succession Plan.”
    
16. “The President’s News Conference of October 26, 1950,”
    PPP
    , 690.
    
17. Fondahl to Young, October 2, 1950, box 228, folder 4-100, RG 351, BOC.
    
18. “D.C. Civil Defense Will Be Based on 70,000 Wardens,
    ”
    Washington Daily News
    , October 21, 1950; “Headquarters Set Up for District Wardens in Old Force School,”
    WS
    , December 8, 1950.
    
19. DCD,
    Manual for Wardens
    , 1951, LOC.
    
20. “This Civil Defense Warden Gets Results,”
    WS
    , August 12, 1952.
    
21. Minutes of the Civil Defense Committee, Federation of Citizens Associations, January 19, 1952, box 1, folder 25, FCA.
    
22. “Officials Here Seek 100,000 Volunteers for Civil Defense Jobs,”
    WS
    , March 6, 1951.
    
23. “Lives May Depend on You,” box 1, folder “Civil Defense—Misc.,” HST Papers, Files of Spencer R. Quick, HSTL (hereafter Quick Files).
    
24. “Women Must Play Greater Defense Role,”
    WP
    , December 11, 1951, clipping in box 4, folder 23, D.C. Federation of Women’s Clubs Papers, HSW.
    
25. The District of Columbi
    a
    Citizen
    , “Civil Defense Edition,” October 1951, Vertical File, folder “Defense,” Washingtoniana.
    
26. “Officials Here Seek.”
    
27. Board of Commissioners, March 29, 1951, box 229, folder 4-109, RG 351, BOC.
    
28. “Fondahl Sets 50,000 Aides as July 1 Goal,”
    WP
    , February 27, 1951; Fondahl to the Commissioners, February 28, 1951, box 229, folder 4-116, RG 351, BOC.
    
29. “Fondahl Sets 50,000”; “Civil Defense Officials Complain of District’s Indifference to Needs,”
    WP
    , July 20, 1951.
    
30. “Civil Defense Officials Complain.”
    
31. “District below Manpower Goal in Civil Defense,”
    WS
    , September 2, 1951.
    
32. NSRB
    ,
    United States Civil Defense
    (Washington, D.C.: USGPO, 1950); “Truman Urges Vast Set-Up to Direct Civilian Defense,”
    WP
    , September 19, 1950; Frank P. Zeidler, “Civil Defense: Community Problems and the NSRB Plan,”
    BAS
    6, no. 11 (November 1950): 337–41; “Special Message to the Congress,” September 18, 1950,
    PPP
    , 641.
    
33. “Civil Defense: No Answers Available,
    ”
    Newsweek
    36, no. 16 (October 16, 1950): 25.
    
34. CR
    , 81st Cong., 2nd sess., November 30 and December 1, 1950, vol. 96, part 12, 16007, 16009; Anne Wilson Marks, “Washington Notes,”
    BAS
    7, no. 1 (January 1951): 17; House,
    Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950
    , 81st Cong., 2nd sess., December 19, 1950, H. Rept. 3209,
    House of Representatives Reports
    , vol. 11385, 13.
    
35. Oral history interview with David H. Stowe by Jerry N. Hess, Washington, D.C., May 27, 1969, HSTL; Donald Dawson memorandum, November 28, 1950; Walter White to Truman, January 15, 1951, box 1743, folder “2965 {1945–1951},” HST Papers, White House Official File; Clarence Mitchell to White, December 8, 1950, box A181, folder “Civil Defense Caldwell, Millard...March,” Records of the NAACP, Group II, LOC, Manuscript Division.
    
36. CR
    , 81st Cong., 2nd sess., January 2, 1951, vol. 96, part 12, 17089-92; “Civil Defense Begins,”
    New Republic
    123, no. 26 (December 25, 1950): 9; “Federal Civil Defense Act,”
    BAS
    7, no. 2 (February 1951): 59–62.
    
37. John Russell Young to Caldwell, January 3, 1951, box 229, folder 4-116, RG 351, BOC.
    
38. Caldwell to Young, January 18, 1951, box 2, folder “Federal, State, Local Relationships D”; James Wadsworth to H.L. Godwin, February 7, 1951, box 1, folder “Civil Defense, General,” RG 304, Civil Defense Records.
    
39. “Survival,” box 5, folder “Civil Defense Campaign—General Folder 1,” Quick Files.
    
40. John De Chant, January 25, 1951, box 2, folder “Federal, State, Local Relationships D,” RG 304, Civil Defense Records.
    
41. Newsweek
    38, no. 17 (October 22, 1951): 27; Cabinet meeting notes, July 20, 1951, box 1, folder “Jan. 2–Dec. 31, 1951,” Papers of Matthew Connelly, HSTL.
    

4 Downtown, Out of Town, or Underground?

1. “Truman to Try again on Decentralization,”
   Washington Daily News
   , November 11, 1950.
   
2. CR
   , 81st Cong., 2nd sess., December 7, 1950, vol. 96, part 12, 16240, 16242.
   
3. Clay Blair,
   The Forgotten War: America in Korea, 1950–1953
   (New York: Times Books, 1987), 421; Symington to Larson, December 8, 1950, box 4, folder
   

“General Services Administration,” RG 304, Letters Sent to Government Agencies.

1. Pamela Scott and Antoinette J. Lee
   ,
   Buildings of the District of Columbia
   (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 186.
   
2. “U.S. Dispersal Will Be within 20-Mile Radius,
   ”
   WS
   , November 26, 1950; House Committee on Public Works,
   Dispersal of Government Agencies, Vicinity of the District of Columbia, Hearings before the Committee on Public Works
   , 81st Cong., 2nd sess., December 8, 1950, 1–31, 56–8.
   
3. Stein to Holland, undated, reprinted in Senate Committee on Public Works,
   Dispersal of Federal Buildings
   ,
   Hearings before the Senate Committee on Public
   Works, Subcommittee on Public Buildings
   , 81st Cong., 2nd sess., December 13, 14, and 18, 1950, 106. For more on Stein’s efforts to couple planned communi
   ties to dispersal, see Kermit Carlyle Parsons, ed.,
   The Writings of Clar
   ence S. Stein: Architect of the Planned Community
   (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 503–6, 567–8, 592.
   
4. Robert A. Caro,
   Master of the Senate
   (New York: Knopf, 2002), 592, 611, 933.
   
5. House Committee,
   Dispersal
   , 17, 29–31 (the Cunningham quote is on 17).
   
6. Senate Committee,
   Dispersal
   , 2–7, 18–25, 34–5 (the Jones quote is on 18).
   
7. “Regional Council to Draft Role in Dispersal,”
   WS
   , October 11, 1950.
   
8. Senate Committee,
   Dispersal
   , 122–9, 145–51 (the Gutheim quote is on 127).
   
9. “Annual Budget Message to the Congress: Fiscal Year 1952,” January 15, 1951,
   PPP: Harry S. Truman, 1951
   , 103–4; “Military Seen Moving More Than Others in Transfer Plan,”
   WP
   , January 14, 1951; “Agency Removal List Combined,”
   WP
   , January 16, 1951.
   
10. Senate Committee on Public Works, S. Rept. 216, 82nd Cong., 1st sess., April 11, 1951,
    Senate Reports
    vol. 11487.
    
11. Lawton memorandum, February 16, 1951, box 6, folder “Truman . . . Agendas & Memorandums, 7/49-7/52,” Papers of Frederick J. Lawton, HSTL.
    
12. Senate Committee,
    Dispersal
    , 186–8; “Wisdom of Scattering U.S. Agencies Still Questioned,”
    WS
    , March 18, 1951.
    
13. “Dispersal Unpopular in Suburbs, which Feel U.S. already Has too Much Land,”
    WS
    , March 25, 1951; House Committee on Public Works,
    Dispersal of Federal Agencies, Hearings on H.R. 1728 before the Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds of the Committee on Public Works
    , 82nd Cong., 1st sess., February 5, 6, and 8, 1951, 139–40.
    
14. CR
    , 82nd Cong., 1st sess., April 18 and 23, 1951, vol. 97, part 3, 4028-52, 4145-75.
    
15. Truman to Holland, April 24, 1951, box 927, folder “Dispersal of Government Departments 285-I,” HST Papers, WHCF, Official File.
    
16. “Truman again Asks Dispersal of U.S. Buildings to Suburbs,”
    WS
    , January 21, 1952.
    
17. “Alternate Pentagon Takes Shape Nearby,”
    Washington Daily News
    , June 21, 1951; “ ‘Second’ Pentagon Underground?,”
    WS
    , March 11, 1951.
    
1. “Underground Sites Policy Adopted by the Army and Navy Munitions Board,” June 26, 1947, box 146, folder “Agencies—Munitions Board,” HST Papers, PSF, Subject File; James Forrestal to Arthur Hill, May 18, 1948; Hill to the Secretary of State, May 24, 1948; Munitions Board to the JCS, July 9, 1948; JCS, Document A-3222, cited in I.D. Brent to William A. Gill, January 18, 1950, box 1, folder “Chronological File January 1950–July 1950,” RG 304, Office File of I.D. Brent (hereafter Brent File); “100 Underground War Plant
   
2. Sites Found,”
   Pittsburgh Pr
   ess
   , December 1, 1948; “ ‘Second’ Pentagon Underground?”
   
18. Directive Number S-3020.1, May 17, 1955, in Department of Defense,
    Wartime Readiness Plans Book
    , October 10, 1955, box 36, binder “Wartime Readiness Plans Book,” RG 330, 2; Louis Johnson to Wiley, November 7, 1949, box 6, folder “Security for Nation’s Capital,” RG 304, Brent File; “Johnson Tells of Plan to Move Capital If It Is Ever Attacked,”
    WS
    , November 11, 1949; “ ‘Second’ Pentagon Underground?”
    
19. Memorandum for the Committee on Disaster Planning, November 29, 1949, box 37, folder “Disaster Planning,” RG 330.
    
20. N.J. McCamley
    ,
    Cold War Secret Nuclear Bunkers: the Passive Defence of the Western World during the Cold War
    (South Yorkshire, U.K.: Leo Cooper, 2002), 6–9; GlobalSecurity.org, “Site R-Raven Rock,” accessed July 5, 2005 at
    http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/facility/raven-rock.htm
    .
    
21. Lt. Edgar B. Stern memorandum, June 11, 1951, accessed June 23, 2005 at
    http://www.globalsecurity
    .org/wmd/library/report/other/ajcc-doc3.jpg
    ; Briefing Sheet for the Chairman, JCS, December 28, 1960, RG 218, CDF 1960, box 17, folder 3180.
    
22. Inventory of Military Real Property, June 30, 1955, box 77, binder “Inventory of Army Real Property Continental U.S.,” RG 330, Assistant Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), Inventories of Military Real Property, 1954–57.
    
23. Leo G. Sands, “The Microwave Era Begins,”
    Radio & Television News
    (October 1950): 35–8; Bell System, “Radio Relay: Communication by Microwave,” undated; Long Lines Department of AT&T, “The Latest Word in Communications,” 1947. Preceding items accessed September 22, 2003 at
    http://www19.addr.com/~longline/tech-equp/index.html
    .
    
24. Captain F.M. Mead memorandum, June 12, 1951, accessed June 23, 2005 at
    http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/other/ajcc-doc2a.jpg.
    
25. “Justification of the Radio Relay System,” May 1951, accessed June 23, 2005 at
    http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/other/ajcc-doc5a.jpg
    .
    
26. David McCullough,
    Truman
    (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 792–3, 798.