Unholy Fury (51 page)

19
   Holt, quoted in Pemberton,
All the Way
, p. 318.

20
   Robert A Caro,
Means of Ascent: The Years of Lyndon Johnson
(New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1990), p. 44.

21
   See, for example, LBJ, ‘Remarks Upon Arrival at the RAAF Fairbairn Airport', Canberra, Australia, 20 October 1966; LBJ, ‘Remarks at Townsville Upon Departing from Australia', 23 October 1966, both in PPP: LBJ, vol. 3, bk 2, 1 July-31 December 1966 (Washington, US Government Printing Office, 1967), pp. 1238–56.

22
   Despatch, ‘Australia:Visit of President Johnson', British High Commissioner in Australia to the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs', 24 November 1966, DO 193/80, TNA.

23
   
Australian
, 24 October 1966.

24
   Age, 24 October 1966.

25
   
Canberra Times
, 19 October 1966.

26
   
Courier-Mail
, 15 October 1966. See also an editorial in the wake of the visit in the
Sydney Morning Herald
which cautioned that ‘the technique of protest requires a discipline and responsibility which some of our demonstrators have not learnt … demonstrators should stick to the ground rules laid down for non-violence in India by Gandhi'.
SMH
, 29 October 1966.

27
   
Courier-Mail
, 22 October 1966.

28
   
Age
, 20 October 1966. Although one incident, where paint-bags were thrown at the presidential limousine in Melbourne, captured international headlines, more attention was given to the agreement of the ‘paint bombers' to pay compensation to the injured and their readiness to accept psychiatric testing. Indeed, in a subsequent letter to the president, the Australian lawyer acting on behalf of the paint ‘bombers' stressed that their actions were not ‘inspired by any malevolent feeling towards you or the great Nation you represent', but ‘rather … the effervescence of youthful gaiety and jocularity excited to fever pitch by your presence and the consequent air of exaltation and triumph'. See correspondence, Frank Galbally to LBJ, 24 October 1966, Johnson Papers, TR100, LBJL.

29
   Despatch, Johnston to Bowden, ‘Australia: Visit of President Johnson', 24 November 1966, DO 193/80, TNA.

30
   Peter Edwards,
A Nation at War
, p. 116.

31
   Memorandum, Bundy to Johnson, 17 July 1965, NSCH-D, Box 43, cited in Pemberton,
All the Way
, p. 303.

32
   See Pemberton,
All the Way
, p. 323.

33
   Peter King, ‘Introduction', in Peter King (ed.),
Australia's Vietnam:Australia in the Second Indo-China
Wjr (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1983), p. 10.

34
   On the increasingly gloomy assessments emanating from senior American policy makers in 1966 see George C Herring,
The Pentagon Papers
—
Abridged Edition
(Melbourne: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 132ff.

35
   Cited in Edwards,
A Nation at War
, p. 102.

36
   Peter Howson (ed. Don Aitkin),
The Howson Diaries: The Life of Politics
(Ringwood, Victoria: Viking Press, 1984), pp. 219, 223.

37
   Cablegram, Dean Rusk, US Secretary of State, to LBJ, 27 June 1966; Memorandum of Conversation, Rusk and Holt, 28 June 1966, both in National Security Files—Country Files (Australia) Box 233, LBJL.

38
   Cited in Barclay,
A Very Small Insurance Policy
, p. 138.

39
   Ibid.

40
   Edwards,
A Nation At War
, p. 100.

41
   Pemberton,
All the Way
, p. 304.

42
   Holt, Speech to National Press Club, Canberra, 18 July 1966, in
Current Notes on International Affairs
, vol. 37, no. 7 (July 1966), pp. 451–61.

43
   Cabinet decision 670, ‘Meeting with President Johnson', 21 October 1966, A5839, 670, NAA.

44
   LBJ, ‘Remarks at a Reception at Government House', Melbourne, 21 October 1966, reported in Correspondence, Charles Johnston to Sir Neil Pritchard, Deputy Under-Secretary of State, Commonwealth Office, 8 November 1966, DO 169/471, TNA.

45
   Holt, quoted in ‘Australia: Visit of President Johnson', DO 193/80, TNA.

46
   Correspondence, Charles Johnston to Sir Neil Pritchard, Deputy UnderSecretary of State, Commonwealth Office, 8 November 1966, DO 169/471, TNA.

47
   Fulbright cited in
Report on the US Senate Hearings: The Truth about Vietnam
, ed. Frank M Robinson and Earl Kemp (San Diego: Greenleaf, 1966), pp. 63, 383–4.

48
   But the paucity of Australia's commitment continued to confound some US policy makers. After a visit to the region in mid 1967, Clark Clifford (the chairman of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board) noted the disparity between Australian commitment to World War II and Vietnam: Clifford failed to gain greater allied support on this visit, causing Townsend Hoopes, Under Secretary of the Air Force to reflect: ‘in Australia and New Zealand he found far less a sense of danger, concern or even involvement than he had expected, there was a general unwillingness to take the unpopular steps that President Johnson was requesting. To send more than a small number of additional troops would require higher taxes and the enactment of draft laws. The governments in question were unready to risk attendant political flak. These attitudes impressed Clifford deeply, and he found them in sharpest contrast with the perceptions of the danger that certain of the same countries had possessed in 1940 and 1941, when an imperialist, militarist Japan was on
the march. Australia had raised nearly 682 000 men and had sent them out not only against the Japanese, but halfway across the world to fight for King George and the British Empire … In 1967, they were unprepared to make anything remotely resembling a comparable effort'. Townsend Hoopes,
The Limits of Intervention
(New York: David McKay, 1969), pp. 168–71.

49
   Howson,
Howson Diaries
, pp. 244–5.

50
   Calwell, CPD, H of R, 4 May 1965, pp. 1102–7.

51
   Briefing for Australian visit, including scope and suggestions on approaching Australians, talking points and background on AA Calwell, National Security Files—International Meetings and Travel Files, Box 11, LBJL.

52
   Lavelle, ‘Labor and Vietnam', p. 122.

53
   Cited in Barclay,
A Very Small Insurance Policy
—
The Politics of Australian Involvement in Vietnam, 1954–1967
(St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1988), p. 143.

54
   ‘Australia:Visit of President Johnson', British High Commissioner in Australia to the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, 24 November 1966, DO 193/80, TNA.

55
   Keefe, quoted in Telegram 1686, American Embassy Canberra to Department of State, ‘ALP Split on Presidential Visit', 8 October 1966, LBJL.

56
   ‘Australia:Visit of President Johnson', British High Commissioner in Australia to the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, 24 November 1966, DO 193/80, TNA.

57
   Calwell, Speech at Parliamentary Reception to Welcome the President, Canberra, 20 October 1966, transcript, DO 193/80, TNA.

58
   Alan Reid, ‘Calwell Lowers the Rails',
Bulletin
, 29 October 1966.

59
   Remarks at the Parliamentary Luncheon, Canberra, Australia, 21 October 1966, in PPL:LBJ (1 July-31 December 1966) (Washington, US Government Printing Office, 1967), pp. 1239–44.

60
   Memorandum of Conversation, The President with ALP Leaders, 22 October 1966, Canberra, National Security Files—NSC Histories, Box 45, Folder Tab F, Asia trip, LBJL.

61
   Fielding, ‘Coping With Decline', p. 648.

62
   Airgram A-157, ‘A Labor Government for Australia', US embassy Canberra to State Department, 18 November 1966, SNF, 1964–66, Boxes 1904–1908, RG 59, NARA.

63
   On US-Australia relations during the Whitlam Labor government, see James Curran, ‘The Dilemmas of Divergence: The Crisis in American–Australian relations, 1972–75',
Diplomatic History
, vol. 38, no. 2 (April 2014), pp. 377–409.

64
   David McLean, ‘From British Colony to American Satellite? Australia and the USA during the Cold War',
Australian Journal of Politics and History
, vol. 52, no. 1 (March 2006), p. 74.

65
   See Neville Meaney,
A History of Australian Defence and Foreign Policy
, vol. 1,
The Search for Security in the Pacific
, 1901–14 (Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1976), pp. 163ff.

66
   Correspondence, Johnston to Pritchard, 8 November 1966, DO 169/471, TNA.

67
   Holt, Quoted in
Daily Express
, 27 September 1967, cited in Jeppe Kristensen, ‘“In Essence still a British Country”: Britain's withdrawal from East of Suez',
Australian Journal of Politics and History
, vol. 51, no. 1 (March 2005), p. 48.

68
   Memorandum, William Bundy to Rostow and Jenkins, 24 May 1967, National Security Files, Country Files, Australia, Box 234, LBJL.

69
   EGW, ‘This Day Tonight', interview with Michael Willesee, 1 April 1968, WI.

70
   RN, Address to the Bohemian Club, San Francisco, 29 July 1967, in
FRUS, Foundations of Foreign Policy
, pp. 2–3.

Chapter 4: ‘The Most Generous … Idealistic Nation': Whitlam and the Americans

1
    Telegram, US Embassy Canberra to State Department, 14 November 1966, Subject Numeric Files (SNF), 1964–66, Box 1906, RG 59, NARA.

2
    Jenny Hocking,
Gough Whitlam
—
A Moment in Time
, p. 198.

3
    Graham Freudenberg,
A Certain Grandeur
, p. 39.

4
    Curran,
Power of Speech
, pp. 93–4; Paul Strangio,
Keeper of the Faith
, p. 143.

5
    EGW, ‘Australian Foreign Policy, 1963', The Fourteenth Roy Milne Lecture, Armidale, 9 July 1963, WI, accessed 10 June 2011.

6
    See
Chapter 1
, p. 8.

7
    EGW, CPD, H of R, 13 August 1964, p. 226.

8
    Graham Freudenberg,
A Certain Grandeur
, p. 39.

9
    EGW,
ALP Journal
, June 1965, p. 5.

10
   EGW, Speech to the Australian Institute of International Affairs, Townsville, 13 July 1968, M170/1, Box 3, NAA.

11
   EGW, Speech to Australian-American Association, 4 July 1968, WI, accessed 13 September 2013.

12
   EGW, CPD, H of R, 28 November 1962, p. 2636.

13
   EGW, Speech, ‘The Practical Meaning and Promotion of Peace', Darwin, 4 April 1969, M170/T1, NAA.

14
   EGW, Speech, ‘What Should Australia's Foreign Policy Be?', University of Western Australia—Adult Education Board Summer School, 23 January 1961, WI, accessed 10 July 2013.

15
   Airgram A-319, Memorandum of Conversation, Whitlam with Doyle Martin, US Embassy Canberra, 20 November 1964, in SNF, 1964–66, Box 1907, RG 59, NARA.

16
   Memoranda of Conversation, Whitlam with Marshall Green, 5 June 1964, SNF, 1964–66, Box 1908, RG 59, NARA; Whitlam with the Secretary, 19 June 1964, SNF, 1964–66, Box 1906, RG 59, NARA.

17
   Hocking,
A Moment in Time
, p. 238.

18
   EGW,
CPD
, H of R, 25 March 1965, p. 386.

19
   Ashley Lavelle, ‘Labor and Vietnam: A reappraisal',
Labour History
, no. 90 (May 2006), p. 121.

20
   EGW,
CPD
, H of R, 19 August 1965, pp. 294, 296.

21
   EGW, ‘Australia: Base or Bridge?', Evatt Memorial Lecture 1966, 16 September 1966, WI, accessed 3 April 2010.

22
   Ibid.

23
   Cited in Lavelle, ‘Labor and Vietnam', p. 123.

24
   Memoranda, Rostow to the President, 26 May 1967 and 13 June 1967 in National Security Files, Country Files (Australia), Box 233, LBJL. Same file also contains two press clippings from the visit, one from the
Sydney Morning Herald
, the others from the
Melbourne Age
(undated) and
Canberra Times
. I am grateful to Troy Bramston for providing me with a copy of the 13 June memorandum.

25
   
Canberra Times
, 16 June 1967.

26
   William J Jorden, Memorandum for the Record, ‘The President's Meeting with Australian Labor Party Leader Whitlam', 15 June 1967, LBJL. I am grateful to Troy Bramston for this reference.

27
   EGW, Remarks to Delegates to the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association Youth Conference, Washington DC, 14 June 1967, The American Presidency Project,
www.presidency.uscb.edu
, accessed 19 October 2013.

28
   EGW, CPD, H of R, 2 November 1967, p. 2681ff.

29
   Memorandum, Rusk to Rostow, 2 May 1968, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1860, RG 59, NARA.

30
   Briefing for the President, Meeting with Leader of Opposition, 21 December 1966, LBJL. I am grateful to Troy Bramston for this reference.

31
   Airgram A 374, American Embassy Canberra to State Department, 23 February 1968, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1860, NARA.

32
   Memorandum, Rusk to Rostow, 2 May 1968, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1860, RG 59, NARA.