We Gon' Be Alright: Notes on Race and Resegregation (22 page)

WHAT A TIME TO BE ALIVE: ON STUDENT PROTEST

1.   
   1.
   Dana Ford, “Meet the man whose hunger strike flipped the script at Mizzou,”
   CNN.com
   , November 10, 2015,
   http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/09/us/jonathan-butler-hunger-strike-missouri-profile
   .
   

2.   
   2.
   David A. French, “Missouri’s Lesson: The Campus Wars Are About Power, Not Justice,”
   National Review
   , November 9, 2015,
   http://www.nationalreview.com/article/426808/missouris-lesson-campus-wars-are-about-power-not-justice-david-french
   .
   

3.   
   3.
   Thomas L. Friedman, “The Age of Protest,”
   New York Times
   , January 13, 2016.
   

4.   
   4.
   Jelani Cobb, “Race and the Free-Speech Diversion,”
   New Yorker
   , November 10, 2015.
   

5.   
   5.
   Mari Matsuda, “Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering the Victim’s Story,”
   Michigan Law Review
   87, no. 8 (August 1989): 2322–23.
   

6.   
   6.
   Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” April 16, 1963. Available online at:
   https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html
   .
   

7.   
   7.
   Ebrahim Rasool, “Eyewitness Account: South Africa,” Conference on Reconciliation and Change, Miami-Dade College, September 14, 2012. Transcript available at:
   http://www.cubastudygroup.org/index.cfm/files/serve?File_id=8c0fc23e-b32b-4a2b-afe4-858264e9a57e
   .
   

8.   
   8.
   Martin Luther King, Jr.,
   Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story
   (Boston: Beacon Press, 2010): 26–7.
   

9.   
   9.
   These lists of demands have been collected at
   http://www.thedemands.org
   .
   

10. 10.
    Leah Libresco, “Here Are The Demands From Students Protesting Racism At 51 Colleges,” December 3, 2015,
    http://www.fivethirtyeight.com/features/here-are-the-demands-from-students-protesting-racism-at-51-colleges/
    .
    

11. 11.
    Emma Pierson and Leah Pierson, “What Do Campus Protesters Really Want?”
    New York Times
    , December 9, 2015.
    

12. 12.
    Sylvia Hurtado, “The Campus Racial Climate: Contexts of Conflict,”
    Journal of Higher Education
    63, no. 5 (September/October 1992): 539–41.
    

13. 13.
    Robert Hughes,
    The Culture of Complaint; The Fraying of America
    (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993): 7.
    

14. 14.
    Dinesh D’Souza,
    Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus
    (Free Press, 1991): 122–3.
    

15. 15.
    Jack Stripling, “The Mount St. Mary’s Presidency Was A Corporate Test Case. It Failed Miserably,”
    The Chronicle of Higher Education
    , March 2, 2016.
    

16. 16.
    Rankin & Associates,
    University of California System: Campus Climate Project Final Report
    (March 2014): vi.
    

17. 17.
    Derald Wing Sue, Christina M. Capodilupo, Gina C. Torino, Jennifer M. Bucceri, Aisha M. B. Holder, Kevin L. Nadal, and Marta Esquilin.,“Racial Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Implications for Clinical Practice,”
    American Psychologist
    (May-June 2007): 273.
    

18. 18.
    Chester Pierce, “Offensive Mechanisms,”
    The Black Seventies
    , ed. Floyd Barber. (Boston: Porter Sargent, 1970): 265–66.
    

19. 19.
    The Microaggressions Project, “Guest Post 3: If these blogs could talk: characterizing power, privilege, and everyday life in the sciences,”
    Scientific American
    , The Scicurious Brain blog, October 16, 2013,
    http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/scicurious-brain/guest-post-3-if-these-blogs-could-talk-characterizing-power-privilege-and-everyday-life-in-the-sciences
    .
    

20. 20.
    American Dialect Society, “2015 Word of the Year is singular ‘they’,” January 8, 2016,
    http://www.americandialect.org/2015-word-of-the-year-is-singular-they
    .
    

21. 21.
    Greg E. Hill, “What’s Next After the Protest?” Minority Trailblazer podcast, December 15, 2015.
    

22. 22.
    For a complete timeline of these events, see: Tessa Weinberg and Taylor Blatchford, “A Historic Fall at MU,”
    The Maneater
    (2015). Accessible at:
    http://www.themaneater.com/special-sections/mu-fall-2015
    .
    

THE ODDS: ON CULTURAL EQUITY

1.   
   1.
   Marisa Kabas, “How Chris Rock’s Oscars monologue sparked the #NotYourMule protest,”
   Daily Dot
   , February 29, 2016,
   http://www.dailydot.com/lifestyle/oscars-not-your-mule
   .
   

2.   
   2.
   Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, “Academy Takes Historic Action To Increase Diversity,” January 22, 2016,
   http://www.oscars.org/news/academy-takes-historic-action-increase-diversity
   .
   

3.   
   3.
   Chris Rock, “Chris Rock Pens Blistering Essay on Hollywood’s Race Problem: ‘It’s a White Industry,”
   The Hollywood Reporter
   , December 3, 2014.
   

4.   
   4.
   Kabas,
   Daily Dot
   , ibid.
   

5.   
   5.
   Writers Guild of America, West, “WGAW 2015 TV Staffing Brief,” March 2015,
   http://www.wga.org/uploadedFiles/who_we_are/tvstaffingbrief2015.pdf
   .
   

6.   
   6.
   Data is available at National Endowment for the Arts website at:
   https://www.arts.gov/open-government/national-endowment-arts-appropriations-history
   . Figures were adjusted for inflation.
   

7.   
   7.
   George Yudice, “The Privatization of Culture,”
   Social Text
   59 (Summer 1999): 17–34. Also see:
   The Expediency of Culture
   (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004).
   

8.   
   8.
   Holly Sidford, “Fusing Arts, Culture and Social Change: High Impact Strategies for Philanthropy,” National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, October 2011,
   https://ncrp.org/files/publications/Fusing_Arts_Culture_Social_Change.pdf
   .
   

9.   
   9.
   Sidford, ibid.
   

10. 10.
    Kory Grow, “Spike Lee Blasts Academy’s Lack of Diversity in Oscar Speech,” Rolling
    Stone.com
    , November 16, 2015,
    http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/news/spike-lee-blasts-academys-lack-of-diversity-in-oscar-speech-20151116
    .
    

11. 11.
    Roger Schonfeld, Mariët Westermann, with Liam Sweeney, “The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation: Art Museum Staff Demographic Survey,” July 28, 2015,
    https://mellon.org/media/filer_/files/08/40/86/f084086/public/ba/99/ba99e53a-48d5-4038-80e1-66f9ba1c020e/awmf_museum_diversity_report_aamd_7-28-15.pdf
    .
    

12. 12.
    Devos Institute of Arts Management at the University of Maryland, “Diversity in the Arts: The Past, Present, and Future of African American and Latino Museums, Dance Companies, and Theater Companies,” September 2015,
    http://devosinstitute.umd.edu/What-We-Do/Services-For-Individuals/Research%20Initiatives/Diversity%20in%20the%20Arts
    .
    

13. 13.
    Roger C. Schonfeld and Liam Sweeney, “Diversity in the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs Community,” New York City Department of Cultural Affairs report, January 28, 2016.
    

14. 14.
    Jose Antonio Vargas, “Here’s what I’ve learned about #NotYourMule,”
    Medium.com
    , March 1, 2016,
    https://medium.com/@joseiswriting/here-s-what-i-ve-learned-about-notyourmule-bfd0aa455d28#.n5vhkddo5
    .
    

VANILLA CITIES AND THEIR CHOCOLATE SUBURBS: ON RESEGREGATION

1.   
   1.
   Guillermo Gómez-Peña, “A Heartfelt Letter to Rene Yanez & The SF Arts Community,” Available at:
   https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pwjXeyT88TNdUgo8ZeNlBGAH-3GIKmloeLTqyxYVkm4/mobilebasic?pli=1
   .
   

2.   
   2.
   All data from the Anti-Eviction Mapping Project, available at:
   http://www.antievictionmappingproject.net/combined.html
   

3.   
   3.
   “The San Francisco Rent Explosion,” Pricenomics blog, July 18, 2013,
   http://priceonomics.com/the-san-francisco-rent-explosion
   .
   

4.   
   4.
   Joaquin Palomino, “Incomes Rise across S.F., except for African Americans.”
   San Francisco Chronicle
   , October 3, 2015.
   

5.   
   5.
   “Take This Hammer,” KQED Documentary, 1963. Available at:
   https://vimeo.com/13175192
   .
   

6.   
   6.
   Anna Marie Erwert, “Oakland: The nation’s hottest rental market,”
   SFGate.com
   , August 11, 2015.
   

7.   
   7.
   David Farley, “In Oakland, Innovation Is On The Menu,”
   New York Times
   , June 23, 2010. Freda Moon, “36 Hours In Oakland,”
   New York Times
   , December 3, 2015.
   

8.   
   8.
   Tulio Ospina, “Racially Profiled, Drummers Make Noise About Gentrification in Oakland,”
   Oakland Post,
   October 2, 2015.
   

9.   
   9.
   “High-poverty” schools are defined as schools in which 75 to 100 percent of students qualify for free or reduced-price school lunch. United States Governmental Accountability Office, “Report to Congressional Requesters: K-12 Education: Better Use of Information Could Help Agencies Identify Disparities and Address Racial Discrimination” (April 2016): 10, 59.
   

10. 10.
    Gary Orfield, John Kucsera, and Genevieve Siegel-Hawley,
    E Pluribus … Separation: Deepening Double Segregation for More Students
    , The Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles (Los Angeles: UCLA, September 2012): 9–10.
    

    See also Gary Orfield,
    Reviving the Goal of an Integrated Society: A 21st Century Challenge,
    The Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles (Los Angeles: UCLA, January 2009),
    http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/reviving-the-goal-of-an-integrated-society-a-21st-century-challenge/orfield-reviving-the-goal-mlk-2009.pdf
    .
    

    John Logan and Brian Stults, “Racial and Ethnic Separation In The Neighborhoods: Progress at a Standstill,” Census Brief Prepared for Project US 2010, December 14, 2010.
    

11. 11.
    Robert M. Fogelson,
    Bourgeois Nightmares: Suburbia, 1870–1930
    (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005): 24.
    

12. 12.
    Ibid.
    

13. 13.
    Fogelson, pp. 30–31.
    

14. 14.
    Fogelson, pp. 44–45.
    

15. 15.
    Fogelson, p. 44. Colin Gordon,
    Mapping Decline: St. Louis and the Fate of The American City
    (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008: 83.
    

16. 16.
    Gordon, pp. 96, 98–9.
    

17. 17.
    Gordon, p. 96.
    

18. 18.
    Robert Cantwell, “St. Louis Snaps Out of It,”
    Fortune
    , July 1956, 120.
    

19. 19.
    Gordon, p. 22.
    

20. 20.
    Gordon, pp. 45–6.
    

21. 21.
    Gordon, p. 45.
    

22. 22.
    Thomas Sugrue, “The Geography of Fear,”
    Nation
    , February 9, 2006,
    http://www.thenation.com/article/geography-fear/
    

23. 23.
    Michael Fletcher, “A Shattered Foundation,”
    Washington Post
    , January 24, 2015. Available at:
    http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/investigative/2015/01/24/the-american-dream-shatters-in-prince-georges-county
    .
    

24. 24.
    Ibid.
    

25. 25.
    Renae Merle, “Minorities hit harder by foreclosure crisis,”
    Washington Post
    , June 29, 2010.
    

26. 26.
    Matthew Hall, Kyle Crowder, and Amy Spring, “Neighborhood Foreclosures, Racial/Ethnic Transitions, and Residential Segregation,”
    American Sociological Review
    80, no. 3 (June 2015): 542.
    

27. 27.
    Rakesh Kochhar, Richard Fry, and Paul Taylor, “Wealth Gaps Rise to Record Highs Between Whites, Blacks and Hispanics,” Pew Research Center report, July 26, 2011,
    http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/12/12/racial-wealth-gaps-great-recession
    and
    http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2011/07/26/wealth-gaps-rise-to-record-highs-between-whites-blacks-hispanics
    .
    

28. 28.
    Rakesh Kochhar and Richard Fry, “Wealth inequality has widened along racial, ethnic lines since end of Great Recession,” Pew Research Center report, December 12, 2014.
    

29. 29.
    Sarah Burd-Sharps and Rebecca Rasch, “Impact of the US Housing Crisis on the Racial Wealth Gap Across Generations,” Social Science Research Council, June 2015.
    

30. 30.
    Hall, Crowder, and Spring, p. 543.
    

31. 31.
    Wes Rivers. “Going, Going, Gone: D.C.’s Affordable Housing Crisis,” D.C. Fiscal Policy Institute report, March 12, 2015.
    

32. 32.
    Sean Reardon and Kendra Bischoff, “The Continuing Increase in Income Segregation, 2007–2012,” Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis report, March 6, 2016.
    

33. 33.
    John R. Logan, “Separate and Unequal in Suburbia,” US2010 Project Report (December 1, 2014): 5.
    

34. 34.
    Logan, “Separate and Unequal in Suburbia,” p. 4.
    

35. 35.
    Ibid.
    

36. 36.
    Logan, “Separate and Unequal in Suburbia,” p. 6.
    

37. 37.
    Jamala Rogers,
    Ferguson Is America: Roots of Rebellion
    (Mira Digital, 2015): 14.
    

38. 38.
    Rogers, pp. 19–20.
    

39. 39.
    Richard Rothstein,
    The Making of Ferguson: Public Policies At The Root of Its Troubles
    , Economic Policy Institute report, 2014,
    http://www.epi.org/publication/making-ferguson
    .
    

40. 40.
    Gordon, p. 213.
    

41. 41.
    Jargowsky, p. 14.
    

42. 42.
    Douglas S. Massey and Jonathan Tannen, “A Research Note on Trends in Black Hypersegregation,”
    Demography
    52 (2015): 1028.