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A BRIEF CHRONOLOGY
9TH CENTURY TO 14TH CENTURY
Â
The Angkor era in Cambodia.
Â
14TH CENTURY TO 19TH CENTURY
Â
Decline of the Angkor Empire.
Â
1863â1864
Â
King Norodom signs treaties beginning the era of the French protectorate over Cambodia, which lasts until 1953.
Â
1930
Â
French scholar Suzanne Karpelès establishes the Buddhist Institute, which will nurture the first expressions of a Cambodian independence movement and provide a base for Son Ngoc Thanh.
Â
Ho Chi Minh founds the Indochinese Communist Party with responsibility over Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.
Â
1941
Â
The Japanese march into Phnom Penh.
Â
Sihanouk is crowned king by the Vichy French.
Â
1942
Â
Son Ngoc Thanh organizes the first anti-French demonstrations in Phnom Penh in support of the Buddhist nationalists.
Â
In Bangkok Cambodians have established Issarak (Freedom) committees against the French.
Â
1945
Â
The Japanese remove the Vichy French in Cambodia in a
coup de force
and grant Cambodia its “independence” under Sihanouk.
Â
World War II ends and Sihanouk asks the French to return to Cambodia.
Â
In Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam independent from the French.
Â
1946
Â
The First Indochina War begins between Ho Chi Minh's Vietminh army and the French.
Â
1949
Â
Saloth Sar (the future Pol Pot) travels to Paris for studies and stays until 1953 when he returns to Cambodia a communist.
Â
1951
Â
The Khmer People's Revolutionary Party is created out of the Indochinese Communist Party.
Â
1953
Â
Sihanouk wins limited independence from France.
Â
1954
Â
Ho Chi Minh's army defeats the French at Dien Bien Phu.
Â
The Geneva Conference convenes to settle the Korean and Indochinese conflicts.
Â
Sihanouk wins complete control over an independent Cambodia.
Â
Cambodian communist leader Son Ngoc Minh and roughly half of the Cambodian communist movement go into exile in North Vietnam.
Â
1955
Â
Cambodia holds elections. Sihanouk abdicates in favor of his father, forms his own party, and sweeps the election.
Â
1955â1960
Â
Cambodian communists concentrate on organizing in Phnom Penh as well as in the countryside.
Â
1959
Â
The editor of one of the communists' newspapers is assassinated.
Â
The communists' in-country leader Sieu Heng publicly defects to Sihanouk.
Â
1960
Â
At a congress in Phnom Penh the communists found a Cambodian Marxist-Leninist party, the Workers Party of Kampuchea (which will be renamed the Communist Party of Kampuchea in 1971).
Â
1963
Â
At a second party congress, Saloth Sar becomes head of the party.
Â
Most of the party's leaders flee Phnom Penh to build their movement in the maquis.