Women After All: Sex, Evolution, and the End of Male Supremacy (50 page)

240
Skewed sex ratios in evolution:
R.A. Fisher,
The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
(New York: Dover, 1958); and W. D. Hamilton, “Extraordinary Sex Ratios,”
Science
156, no. 3774 (1967): 477–88.

240
Discouraging sex determination:
Kate Gilles and Charlotte Feldman-Jacobs,
When Technology and Tradition Collide: From Gender Bias to Sex Selection
, Population Reference Bureau, Policy Brief, September 2012, downloaded Sept. 14, 2014, from http://www.prb.org/Publications/Reports/2012/sex-selection.aspx.

240
Banking money on a girl’s birth:
Ibid., 4.

240
Atmajaa
TV series:
Ibid., 5.

240
South Korean son preference declines:
Ibid., 4.

241
son preference in South Korea “is over”:
Monica Das Gupta quoted by Rosin,
The End of Men,
235.

241
Plummeting Bangladesh births:
Ruth Levine, Molly Kinder, and the “What Works?” Working Group,
Case Studies in Global Health: Millions Saved
(Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2004), Case 13: “Reducing Fertility in Bangladesh,” pp. 97–104. PDF available for download at the Center for Global Development website, http://www.cgdev.org/page/case-13-reducing-fertility-bangladesh; 2012 data from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN; both accessed Sept. 14, 2014.

241
Education and media made a difference:
A. Goni and M. Rahman, “The Impact of Education and Media on Contraceptive Use in Bangladesh: A Multivariate Analysis,”
International Journal of Nursing Practice
18, no. 6 (2012): 565–73.

241
Soap opera about Laila:
Levine, Kinder, et al.,
Case Studies,
5.

241
Worldwide maternal mortality:
World Health Organization summary, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/en/.

241
Sri Lanka success story:
Levine, Kinder, et al.,
Case Studies,
Case 6: “Saving Mothers’ Lives in Sri Lanka.”

242
“The things that kill mothers”:
Interview with Lynn Sibley, “Maternal and Newborn Health in Ethiopia Partnership.” Video available at http://www.international.emory.edu/awards/creekmore/sibley_video.html, accessed Sept. 14, 2014. The quote begins at minute 1:25. For background see http://www.international.emory.edu/awards/creekmore/previous/lynn_sibley.html and L. Sibley, S. T. Buffington, L. Tedessa Sr., and K. McNatt, “Home-Based Life Saving Skills in Ethiopia: An Update on the Second Phase of Field Testing,”
Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health
51, no. 4 (2006): 284–91.

243
“Basically, no woman should die giving birth”:
Sibley interview video, minute 3:05.

243
Thailand HIV success story:
Levine, Kinder, et al.,
Case Studies,
Case 2: “Preventing HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Thailand.”

244
pop-up models of penises:
See the PBS/BBC television series
Medicine at the Crossroads
(Thirteen/WNET, New York, and BBC, England, in collaboration with Televisión Española, SA, and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and WETA, Washington, DC, 1993), episode 7 “Pandemic,” and my book that accompanied the series,
Medicine at the Crossroads: The Crisis in Health Care
(New York: Pantheon, 1993), chapter 8.

244
“The government has fallen asleep at the wheel”:
Mechai Viravaidya quoted in “Thailand Faces New HIV/Aids Crisis,”
Bangkok Post,
December 21, 2012, http://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/327319/mechai-warns-of-new-hiv-aids-crisis, accessed Sept. 14, 2014.

244
something else was going on in Thailand:
Elizabeth Pisani,
The Wisdom of Whores: Bureaucrats, Brothels, and the Business of Aids
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2009).

245
a 2012 survey in Uganda:
Josh Kron, “In Uganda, an AIDS Success Story Comes Undone,”
New York Times,
August 2, 2012, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/03/world/africa/in-uganda-an-aids-success-story-comes-undone.html?_r=0.

245
“dry sex”:
T. Hull, ten other authors, and the WHO GSVP Study Group, “Prevalence, Motivations, and Adverse Effects of Vaginal Practices in Africa and Asia: Findings from a Multicountry Household
Survey,”
Journal of Women’s Health
20, no. 7 (2011): 1097–1109. For Indonesia, see Trish Anderson’s “Some Like It Dry,”
Jakarta Post,
February 26, 2008, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/02/26/some-it-dry.html.

245
“Dry sex aids are the inverse of lube”:
Coca Colo’s
Femonomics
blog, entry for January 26, 2010, “What Is Dry Sex, and Why Do You Need to Know About It?” http://femonomics.blogspot.com/2010/01/what-is-dry-sex-and-why-do-you-need-to.html, accessed Sept. 14, 2014.

245
Spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa:
E. Deuchert and S. Brody, “Lack of Autodisable Syringe Use and Health Care Indicators Are Associated with High HIV Prevalence: An International Ecologic Analysis,”
Annals of Epidemiology
17, no. 3 (2007): 199–207; and Devon D. Brewer, David Gisselquist, Stuart Brody, and John J. Potterat, “Investigating Iatrogenic HIV Transmission in Ugandan Children,”
JAIDS—Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
45, no. 2 (2007): 253–54.

246
“
A second approach is male circumcision
”
:
Bill Gates, “Annual Letter 2012,” Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, http://www.gatesfoundation.org/Who-We-Are/Resources-and-Media/Annual-Letters-List/Annual-Letter-2012, accessed Sept. 14, 2014.

247
Delhi rape:
“Nirbhaya Gang-Rape Case: Delhi HC Upholds Death Penalty Awarded to 4 Convicts,”
Times of India,
March 13, 2014, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Nirbhaya-gang-rape-case-Delhi-HC-upholds-death-penalty-awarded-to-4-convicts/articleshow/31938726.cms.

247
Mumbai rape:
Rebecca Samervel, “Mumbai Shakti Mills Rape Cases: Death Penalty for 3 Repeat Offenders,”
Times of India,
April 4, 2014, accessed at http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-Shakti-Mills-rape-cases-Death-penalty-for-3-repeat-offenders/articleshow/33238680.cms, Sept. 14, 2014.

248
Rape and beating of Swiss couple:
“Five Men Admit to Raping Swiss Tourist, Say Indian Police,” Associated Press/Guardian, March 18, 2013, accessed at http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/18/admit-raping-swiss-tourist-india, Sept. 14, 2014; and “India Jails Six over Swiss Gang Rape in Madhya Pradesh,”
BBC News India,
July 20, 2013, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-23390078.

248
WHO ten-country study:
Claudia García-Moreno, Henrica A. F. M. Jansen, Charlotte Watts, Mary Caroll Ellsberg, Lori Heise, and the
Gender, Women and Health Network, “WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women: Initial Results on Prevalence, Health Outcomes and Women’s Responses,” World Health Organization, 2012, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/en/. See also “Violence Against Women,” WHO Media Centre Fact Sheet No. 239, updated October 2013, at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/, accessed Sept. 14, 2014.

248
London School of Tropical Hygiene further analysis:
K. M. Devries and thirteen other authors, “The Global Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women,”
Science
340, no. 6140 (2013): 1527–28.

249
New national law, but marital rape not a crime:
See the Wikipedia entry “The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013,” accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Law_(Amendment)_Act,_2013.

249
“Boys make mistakes”:
“Mulayam Singh Yadav on Rape: Boys Make Mistakes, Shouldn’t Hang,”
India Today,
April 10, 2014, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mulayam-singh-yadav-on-rape-moradabad-anti-rape-laws-samajwadi-party-lok-sabha-election-2014/1/354991.html.

249
“Both should be hanged”:
“Women Having Sex Should Be Hanged: Abu Azmi Shocker on Yadav’s Rape Remark,”
India Today,
April 11, 2014, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/abu-azmi-shocker-on-yadavs-rape-remark-women-having-sex-should-be-hanged/1/355087.html.

249
Two girls raped and hanged:
Harmeet Shah Singh and Faith Karimi, “3 suspects Confess in India Gang Rape; Community Outraged,”
CNNWorld,
June 4, 2014, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/01/world/asia/india-gang-rape/.

249
“What’s it to you?”
and
“Sometimes it’s right”:
Rob Verger, “Indian Official Says Rape Is ‘Sometimes’ Right,”
Newsweek,
June 5, 2014, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.newsweek.com/indian-official-says-rape-sometimes-right-253617.

250
National comparisons of recorded rapes:
NationMaster website, http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Crime/Violent-crime/Rapes, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, and Tom Wright, “Are Women Safer in India or the U.S.?”
Wall Street Journal,
January 2, 2013.

250
Missoula, Montana, prosecutors:
Jack Healy, “Accusation in Montana of
Treating Rape Lightly Stirs Unlikely Public Fight,”
New York Times,
April 12, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/us/accusation-in-montana-of-treating-rape-lightly-stirs-unlikely-public-fight.html?_r=0, accessed Sept. 14, 2014. The U.S. Department of Justice report, dated February 14, 2014, was also accessed on Sept.14, 2014, at http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/documents/missoula_ltr_2-14-14.pdf.

250
Steubenville rape, apologetics, victim blaming, and cover-up:
Juliet Macur and Nate Schweber, “Rape Case Unfolds on Web and Splits City,”
New York Times,
December 16, 2012, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/17/sports/high-school-football-rape-case-unfolds-online-and-divides-steubenville-ohio.html?pagewanted=all; and Laurie Penny, “Steubenville: This Is Rape Culture’s Abu Ghraib Moment,”
NewStatesman,
March 19, 2013, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.newstatesman.com/laurie-penny/2013/03/steubenville-rape-cultures-abu-ghraib-moment. Four adults, including the school district superintendent, were indicted for negligence or covering up, but the coach who threatened reporters had his contract renewed and had faced no formal consequences as of June 7, 2014. The rapists, who were sixteen and seventeen at the time of the crime, were delinquent of rape (the juvenile equivalent of guilty) and sentenced to two years and one year, respectively. The first was still serving as of June 7, 2014; the second was released in January 2014 after serving ten months. Both will be listed as Tier II sex offenders.

251
“The global pandemic of violence against women”:
Ban Ki-moon quoted in the One Billion Rising press release of February 21, 2014, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.onebillionrising.org/11825/press-release/.

251
Female genital cutting:
For an overview, see “Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Overview and Exploration of the Dynamics of Change,” UNICEF, Statistics and Monitoring Section, Division of Policy and Strategy, July 2013, http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf, downloaded Sept. 14, 2014. For academic and medical evidence, see H. L. Sipsma, P. G. Chen, A. Ofori-Atta, U. O. Ilozumba, K. Karfo, and E. H. Bradley, “Female Genital Cutting: Current Practices and Beliefs in Western Africa,”
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
90, no. 2 (2012): 120–27; T. H. Anis, S. A. Gheit, H. H. Awad, and H. S. Saied, “Effects of Female Genital Cutting on the Sexual Function of Egyptian
Women. A Cross-Sectional Study,”
Journal of Sexual Medicine
9, no. 10 (2012): 2682–92; R. Chibber, E. El-Saleh, and J. El Harmi, “Female Circumcision: Obstetrical and Psychological Sequelae Continues Unabated in the 21st Century,”
Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
24, no. 6 (2011): 833–36.

251
Orchid Project:
See http://orchidproject.org, accessed Sept. 14, 2014.

252
“vacation cutting”:
Julie Turkewitz, “A Fight as U.S. Girls Face Genital Cutting Abroad,”
New York Times,
June 11, 2014, A1; also accessed online on Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/11/us/a-fight-as-us-girls-face-genital-cutting-abroad.html?hp&_r=0.

252
The grand mufti’s fatwa:
He is quoted in “Fatwas Against FGM,” at http://stopfgmmiddleeast.wordpress.com/fatwas-against-fgm/, accessed Sept. 14, 2014.

252
The former president’s book:
Jimmy Carter,
A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014).

252
Molly Melching and Tostan:
http://www.tostan.org. See also Aimee Molloy’s
However Long the Night: Molly Melching’s Journey to Help Millions of African Women and Girls Triumph
(New York: HarperOne, 2013).

252
“understandable that people are outraged”:
Melinda Gates, “Five Questions for Molly Melching,” website of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, June 25, 2013, http://www.impatientoptimists.org/Posts/2013/06/Melinda-Gates-5-Questions-for-Tostans-Molly-Melching, accessed Sept. 14, 2014.