Adaptation to Climate Change: From Resilience to Transformation (45 page)

social learning
18
,
30
,
61
–2,
128
;

and adaptive capacity
107
,
108
,
109
,
113
–14,
115
–16,
124
;

multi-stakeholder collaboration for
31
;

in organisations
107
,
108
,
109
,
113
–14,
115
–16,
172
–3;

and resilience
55
,
56
,
59
–
60
,
67
,
170

social responsibility
92

social security
9

social support networks
34

social systems
43
;

openness and adaptability
43
,
44

socio-cultural reproduction
90

socio-ecological systems
28
,
30
,
86
,
163

socio-ecological systems (SES) theory
55
–6,
56
–7,
58
,
59
,
67
,
85
,
88
,
170

socio-political responses/change and disaster events
95
–7,
98
–
102
,
142
–60,
172
,
174

socio-technological systems
18
,
19
,
142

socio-technological transitions
69
,
73
–9,
82
,
171
;

grassroots/local
74
–9

sociology
25

Sommer, A.
144
,
145

Somoza, A.
147

South America
11

Sri Lanka
96
;

tsunami (2004)
102

stability
42
–3,
70

Stanton, E. A.
14

state(s)
72
;

and civil society
90
–1,
96
;

failed
94
;

and human security
93
;

marginalisation of
94
;

restricted
91
;

weak
94
;

see also
nation-states

Stern, N.
10

Stockholm Declaration
151
,
152

strategic adaptation
15

sub-optimal adaptation
26

sufficientism
48
,
49

suicide rates
38

supranational powers
94

susceptibility
22

sustainable development
4
,
9
,
13
,
16
,
17
,
26
,
56
,
74
,
93
,
164
,
167

Sustainable Development Networking (SDN) project
145
–6

Swift, J.
34

systems analysis
85

systems perturbations
25

systems theory
5
,
28
,
29
,
30
,
39
–
40
,
88
,
168
–9

Tanner, T.
41

Tearfund
75

technological innovation
6
,
28
,
57
,
164
;

see also
socio-technological transitions

temperature
7
,
13

temperature shocks
24

thermohaline circulation system, North Atlantic
7

thresholds, adaptation
45
–7,
165
–6

time-space compression
68

timimg of adaptation
15

Tol, R. S. J.
36

Tourism Entrepreneurs Association of Costa Maya
136

tourist economies, Quintana Roo, Mexico
126
,
130
,
132
,
133
–4,
135
,
136
,
137

transformation
3
,
5
,
17
,
18
,
23
,
24
,
50
–1,
56
,
61
,
64
–5,
69
,
83
–
103
,
170
,
171
–2,
173
,
175
;

and development discourse
139
,
140
;

disasters as tipping points for
95
–7,
98
–
102
,
142
;

as extreme case
74
;

and human security
93
–5,
172
;

and risk society thesis
87
–9,
171
–2;

and social contract theory
89
–
92
,
172
;

and social learning
60
,
170
;

socio-ecological systems theory and
85
–6;

as subset of resilience
55
;

transitional change as aspect of
73

transition
3
,
5
,
17
,
18
,
23
–4,
50
,
51
,
56
,
58
–9,
61
,
64
–5,
68
–
82
,
97
,
170
–1,
173
;

and development discourse
138
,
140
;

governance regimes and
69
,
70
–3;

inadvertent
59
;

pathways
78
–9;

social learning and
60
,
170
;

socio-technical
69
,
73
–9,
82
,
171
;

as subset of resilience
55
;

urban regimes and
79
–
82

Trinidad and Tobago
61

trust
45
,
59
,
119
–20,
121
–2,
124

tsunami, Sri Lanka
102

Tulum
126
,
128
,
133
–6,
138
–9,
140
,
141

Turkey
96
;

Marmara earthquake (1999)
100

UN-HABITAT
79

uncertainty
6
,
14
,
31
,
39
,
40
,
56
,
97
,
113
;

decision-making under
30
,
47

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 1992
4
,
8

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
25
,
101
,
145
;

Human Development Reports
93

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
4
,
8
–
10
,
11
,
13
,
22
,
163
,
168

United Nations Human Rights Commission
47

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR)
21

United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
175

United States (US)
9
,
59
,
96
,
143
,
151
;

adaptive management programmes
31
;

Corn Belt
70
;

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
24
,
153
,
154
,
155
,
158
;

homeland security agenda
157
;

hurricane events
6
,
38
;

political response to disaster
102
,
152
–8,
159
;

see also
New Orleans

United States (US) Geological Survey
48

Universal Declaration of Human Rights
174
,
175

Uphoff, N.
33

urban development
126
–41,
173

urban risk management
69
,
79
–
82

utilitarianism
48
,
91

values
6
,
26
,
28
,
40
,
59
,
163

Varela, F.
62

Vayda, A. P.
26

vision effect
166

vulnerability
9
,
10
,
25
,
27
,
40
,
58
,
83
,
86
,
97
,
163
,
169
,
171
;

adaptive capacity as component of
11
,
21
–2;

global distribution of
12
;

IPCC conceptualisation of
22
;

resilience and
42
–3,
58
,
97
;

root causes of
87
;

threshold
45
,
46

Wales:

adaptation within organisations case study
107
,
111
–25;

Grasshoppers farmers’ support group
107
,
111
,
120
–3,
124
,
173
;

warming and cooling scenarios
110
–11

Walker, B.
42
,
58

Walsh, F.
38

Walters, C. J.
30
,
31

Warner, J.
72

Washington Consensus
150
,
151

Washington Post
155

water management
9
,
29

Watts, M.
27
,
63
,
169

wealth
14
,
164

well-being
6
,
48
,
168

Wenger, E.
60
,
63
,
64
,
67
,
172

West Pakistan
143
,
144
,
145
,
147

Williams, P.
64

wind
7
,
24

Wisner, B.
33

World Bank
48
,
101
,
151
,
152

World Resources Institute (WRI)
23

Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)
23

Yarnal, B.
15

Yemen
143

Yohe, G.
36

Young, O. R.
70
,
171