Antony and Cleopatra (50 page)

Tribuni aerarii:
The group registered below the equestrian order in the census. Relatively little is known about them.

Tribunus militum (military tribune):
Six military tribunes were elected or appointed to each Republican legion, one pair of these men holding command at any one time.

Triumph:
The great celebration granted by the Senate to a successful general took the form of a procession along the Via Sacra, the ceremonial main road of Rome, displaying the spoils and captives of his victory and culminated in the ritual execution of the captured enemy leader. The commander rode in a chariot, dressed like the statues of Jupiter, a slave holding a laurel wreath of victory over his head. The slave was supposed to whisper to the general, reminding him that he was mortal.

Triumvir
: In 43
BC
, Antony, Lepidus and Octavian were named as
triumviri rei publicae constituendae
(board of three to reconstitute the state) by the
Lex Titia
proposed by a tribune and passed by the
Concilium Plebis.
The triumvirate was granted dictatorial powers, initially for five years.

Uraeus:
The snake-shaped headband worn at times by the Ptolemies as a symbol of monarchy. Double uraei are typical, probably symbolising the two kingdoms of Egypt. Triple uraei appear on some images identified as Cleopatra, but the precise significance of this is unclear.

Vexillum:
A square flag mounted crosswise on a pole, the
vexillum
was used to mark a general's position and was also the standard carried by a detachment of troops. A general's
vexillum
seems usually to have been red.

Appian,
BC
= Appian,
Civil Wars.

Broughton,
MRR
2 = Broughton, T., & Patterson, M.,
The Magistrates of the
Roman Republic,
Vol. 2 (1951).

Caesar,
BC =
Caesar,
The Civil Wars.

Caesar,
BG
= Caesar,
The Gallic Wars.

CAH
²
IX = Crook, J., Lintott, A., & Rawson, E. (eds.),
The Cambridge Ancient History
2nd edn, Vol. IX:
The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43
BC
(1994).

CAH
²
X = Bowman, A., Champlin, E., & Lintott, A. (eds.),
The Cambridge Ancient History
2nd edn, Vol. X:
The Augustan Empire, 43
BC—AD
69
(1996).

Cicero,
ad Att.
= Cicero,
Letters to Atticus.

Cicero,
ad Fam.
= Cicero,
Letters to his Friends.

Cicero,
ad Quintum Fratrem
= Cicero,
Letters to his Brother Quintus.

Cicero,
Agr
. = Cicero,
Orationes de Lege Agraria.

Cicero,
De reg. Alex. F.
= Cicero, fragment from the
Oration Concerning the King of Alexandria.

Cicero,
Verrines
= Cicero,
Verrine Orations
.

CIG
=
Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum.

CIL
=
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
.

De vir. Ill.
= the anonymous
De viris illustribus.

Dio = Cassius Dio,
Roman History.

Galen,
Comm. In Hipp. Epid., CMG
= K¨hn, C.,
Galenus Medicus
(1821–1833), supplemented by Diels, H. et al. (1918–).

Gellius,
NA
= Aulus Gellius,
Attic Nights.

ILS
= Dessau, H. (ed.),
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
(1892–1916).

Josephus,
AJ
= Josephus,
Jewish Antiquities.

Josephus,
BJ
= Josephus,
The Jewish War
.

JRA
=
Journal of Roman Archaeology
.

JRS
=
Journal of Roman Studies.

Livy,
Pers
. = Livy,
Roman History: Periochae.

OGIS
= Dittenberger, W.,
Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae
(1903–1905).

PIR
¹
= Kelbs, E., et al.,
Prosopographia Imperii Romani
(1933–).

Pliny,
Epistulae
= Pliny the Younger,
Letters.

Pliny,
NH
= Pliny the Elder,
Natural History.

Quintilian = Quintilian,
Training in Oratory.

RIB
= Collingwood, R., & Wright, R.,
Roman Inscriptions in Britain
(1965–).

Sallust,
Bell. Cat.
= Sallust,
The Catilinarian War.

Sallust,
Bell. Jug.
= Sallust,
The Jugurthine War.

SEG
= Roussel, P., Tod, M., Ziebarth, E., & Hondius, J. (eds.),
Supplementum
Epigraphicum Graecum
(1923–).

Serv. = Servius.

Strabo,
Geog.
= Strabo,
Geography.

Valerius Maximus = Valerius Maximus,
Memorable Doings and Sayings.

Velleius Paterculus = Velleius Paterculus,
Roman History.

Books

Adcock, F.,
The Roman Art of War under the Republic
(1940).

Ashton, S.,
The Last Queens of Egypt
(2003).

Ashton, S.,
Cleopatra and Egypt
(2008).

Austin, M.,
The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation
(1981).

Austin, N., & Rankov, B.,
Exploratio: Military and Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople
(1995).

Badian, E.,
Publicans and Sinners
(1972).

Bagnall, R., & Frier, B.,
The Demography of Roman Egypt
(1994).

Barrett, A.,
Livia: First Lady of Imperial Rome
(2002).

Beard, M.,
The Roman Triumph
(2007).

Bernard, A.,
Alexandrie des Pto Umées
(1995).

Bernard, A.,
Alexandrie la Grande
(1998).

Bianchi, R.,
Cleopatra's Egypt: Age of the Ptolemies
(1988).

Bingen, J.,
Hellenistic Egypt: Monarchy, Society, Economy, Culture
(2007).

Bowman, A.,
Egypt after the Pharaohs: 332
BC—AD
642 — from Alexander to the Arab conquest
(1986).

Broughton, T., & Patterson, M.,
The Magistrates of the Roman Republic,
Vol. 2 (1951).

Brunt, P.,
Italian Manpower 225
BC—AD
14
(1971).

Burnstein, S.,
The Reign of Cleopatra
(2004).

Carter, J.,
The Battle of Actium: The Rise and Triumph of Augustus Caesar
(1970).

Cartledge, P.,
Alexander the Great: The Hunt for a New Past
(2004).

Chauveau, M.,
Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra
(trans. Lorton, D.) (2000).

Crawford, M.,
Roman Republican Coinage
(1974).

Cunliffe, B.,
Greeks, Romans and Barbarians: Spheres of Interaction
(1988).

Dixon, N.,
On the Psychology of Military Incompetence
(1994).

Dixon, S.,
The Roman Mother
(1988).

Dunand, F., & Zivie-Coche, C.,
Gods and Men in Egypt 3000
BCE
to 395
BCE
(trans. Lorton, D.) (2002).

Ellis, W.,
Ptolemy of Egypt
(1994).

Empereur, J-Y.,
Alexandria Rediscovered
(1998).

Evans, R.,
Gaius Marius
(1994).

Finneran, N.,
Alexandria: A City and Myth
(2005).

Fletcher, J.,
Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend
(hardback 2008, paperback 2009). Fraser, P.,
Ptolemaic Alexandria,
3 Vols. (1972).

Gabba, E.,
The Roman Republic, the Army and the Allies
(trans. Cuff, P.) (1976).

Gelzer, M.,
Caesar
(trans. Needham, P.) (1968).

Goddio, F.,
L'Égypte Engloutie: Alexandrie
(2002).

Goddio, F., with Bernard, A., Bernard, E., Darwish, I., Kiss, Z., & Yoyotte, J.,
Alexandria: The Submerged Royal Quarters
(1998).

Goldsworthy, A.,
The Roman Army at War 100
BC—AD
200
(1996).

Goldsworthy, A.,
In the Name of Rome
(2003).

Goldsworthy, A.,
Caesar: The Life of a Colossus
(2006).

Grant, M.,
Cleopatra
(1972).

Green, P.,
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
(1990).

Grenfell, B., Hunt, A., et al. (eds.),
The Oxyrhynchus Papyri
(1898—).

Grimal, P.,
Love in Ancient Rome
(1986).

Grimm, G.,
Alexandria: Die erste Konigsstadt der hellenistischen Welt
(1998).

Gruen, E.,
Roman Politics and the Criminal Courts, 149–78
BC
(1968).

Gruen, E.,
The Last Generation of the Roman Republic
(1974).

Gruen, E.,
The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome,
Vol. 2 (1984).

Gwynn, A.,
Roman Education
(1926).

Hamer, M.,
Signs of Cleopatra: History, Politics, Representation
(1993).

Hardy, E.,
The Catilinarian Conspiracy in its Context: A Re-study of the Evidence
(1924).

Hölbl, G.,
A History of the Ptolemaic Empire
(trans. Saavedra, T.) (2001).

Hopkins, K.,
Conquerors and Slaves
(1978).

Hughes-Hallett, L.,
Cleopatra: Queen, Lover, Legend
(1990, reprinted with new afterword 2006).

Jeffrey Tatum, W.,
The Patrician Tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher
(1999).

Keaveney, A.,
Sulla: The Last Republican
(1982).

Keppie, L.,
The Making of the Roman Army
(1984).

Kleiner, D.,
Cleopatra and Rome
(2005).

Lampela, A.,
Rome and the Ptolemies of Egypt: The Development of their Political Relations 273–80
BC
(1998).

Lane Fox, R.,
The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian
(2006).

Lewis, N.,
Greeks in Ptolemaic Egypt: Case Studies in the Social History of the Hellenistic World
(1986).

Lintott, A.,
The Constitution of the Roman Republic
(1999).

Marrou, H.,
A History of Education in Antiquity
(1956).

Matyszak, P.,
Mithridates the Great: Rome's Indomitable Enemy
(2008).

Mayor, A.,
The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithridates
(2009).

Meier, C.,
Caesar
(trans. Mc Lintock, D.) (1996).

Millar, F.,
The Crowd in the Late Roman Republic
(1998).

Mitchell, T.,
Cicero: The Ascending Years
(1979).

Mitchell, T.,
Cicero: The Senior Statesman
(1991).

Morrison, J., & Coates, J.,
Greek and Roman Oared Warships
(1996).

Mouritsen, H.,
Plebs and Politics in the Late Roman Republic
(2001).

Murray, W., & Petsas, P.,
Octavian's Campsite Memorial for the Actian War,
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 79. 4 (1989), pp. 133–134.

Osgood, J.,
Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire
(2006).

Parkin, T.,
Demography and Roman Society
(1992).

Pelling, C. (ed.),
Plutarch: Life of Antony
(1988).

Pitassi, M.,
The Navies of Rome
(2009).

Pomeroy, S.,
Women in Hellenistic Egypt
(1984).

Powell, A.,
Virgil the Partisan: A Study in the Re-integration of Classics
(2008).

Preston, D., & Preston, M.,
Cleopatra and Antony
(2008).

Rawson, B.,
Children and Childhood in Roman Italy
(2003).

Rawson, E.,
Cicero
(1975).

Rice, E.,
Cleopatra
(1999).

Rice Holmes, T.,
The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire,
3 Vols. (1923–1928).

Rich, J.,
Declaring War in the Roman Republic in the Period of Transmarine Expansion
(1976).

Roberts, A.,
Mark Antony: His Life and Times
(1988).

Roth, J.,
The Logistics of the Roman Army at War (264
BC—AD
235)
(1999).

Roymans, N.,
Tribal Societies in Northern Gaul: An Anthropological Perspective,
Cingula 12 (1990).

Saller, R.,
Personal Patronage in the Early Empire
(1982).

Samuel, A.,
From Athens to Alexandria: Hellenism and Social Goals in Ptolemaic Egypt
(1983).

Scheidel, W.,
Measuring Sex, Age, and Death in the Roman Empire: Explorations in Ancient Demography, JRA
Supplementary Series 21 (1996).

Scheidel, W.,
Death on the Nile: Disease and the Demography of Roman Egypt
(2001).

Schürer, E., Vermes, G., & Millar, F.,
The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ,
Vol. 1 (1973).

Seager, R.,
Pompey the Great
(2nd edn, 2002). Shaw, I. (ed.),
The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
(2000).

Sheppard, S.,
Actium: Downfall of Antony and Cleopatra,
Osprey Campaign Series 211 (2009).

Sherk, R.,
Roman Documents from the Greek East
(1969).

Sherwin-White, A.,
Roman Foreign Policy in the East 168
BC
to
AD
1
(1984).

Shipley, G.,
The Greek World after Alexander 323–30
BC
(2000).

Southern, P.,
Mark Antony
(1998).

Southern, P.,
Antony and Cleopatra
(hardback 2007, paperback 2009).

Stockton, D.,
Cicero: A Political Biography
(1971).

Syme, R.,
The Roman Revolution
(1939, paperback 1960).

Taylor, L.,
Party Politics in the Age of Caesar
(1949).

Taylor, L.,
Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar
(1966).

Thompson, D.,
Memphis under the Ptolemies
(1988).

Treggiari, S.,
Roman Marriage
(1991).

Tyldesley, J.,
Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt
(hardback 008, paperback 2009).

Walbank, F.,
The Hellenistic World
(3rd edn, 1992).

Walker, S., & Higgs, P. (eds.),
Cleopatra of Egypt: From History to Myth
(2001).

Walker, S., & Ashton, S. (eds.),
Cleopatra Reassessed
(2003).

Ward, A.,
Marcus Crassus and the Late Roman Republic
(1977).

Watson, G.,
The Roman Soldier
(1969).

Weigel, R.,
Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir
(1992).

Welch, K., & Powell, A. (eds.),
Sextus Pompeius
(2002).

Weinstock, S.,
Divus Julius
(1971).

Yazetz, Z.,
Julius Caesar and his Public Image
(1983).

Zanker, P.,
The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus
(trans. Shapiro, A.) (1988).

Articles

Badian, E., ‘The Early Career of A. Gabinius (cos. 58
BC
)',
Philologus
103 (1958), pp. 87–99.

Bagnall, R., ‘Greeks and Egyptians: Ethnicity, Status and Culture', in Bianchi, R. (ed.),
Cleopatra's Egypt: Age of the Ptolemies
(1988), pp. 21– 25.

Bennett, C., ‘Cleopatra Tryphaena and the Genealogy of the Later Ptolemies',
Ancient Society
8 (1997), pp. 39–66.

Bradley, K., ‘Wet-nursing at Rome: A Study in Social Relations', in Rawson, B. (ed.),
The Family in Ancient Rome
(1986), pp. 201–229.

Carson, R., ‘Caesar and the Monarchy',
Greece and Rome
4 (1957), pp. 46–53.

Clarysee, W., ‘Greeks and Egyptians in the Ptolemaic Army and Administration',
Aegyptus
65 (1985), pp. 57–66.

Clarysee, W., ‘Ethnic Diversity and Dialect among the Greeks of Egypt', in Verhoogt, A., & Vleeming, S. (eds.),
The Two Faces of Graeco-Roman Egypt: Greek and Demotic and Greek-Demotic Texts and Studies Presented to P. W. Pestman
(1998), pp. 1–13.

Erskine, A., ‘Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Museum and Library of Alexandria',
Greece & Rome
42 (1995), pp. 38–48.

Fraser, P., ‘Mark Antony in Alexandria — A Note',
JRS
47 (1957), pp. 71–74.

Gabba, E., ‘The Perusine War and Triumviral Italy',
Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
75 (1971), pp. 139–160.

Goudchaux, G., ‘Cleopatra's Subtle Religious Strategy', in Walker, S., & Higgs, P. (eds.),
Cleopatra of Egypt: From History to Myth
(2001), pp. 128–141.

Goudchaux, G., ‘Was Cleopatra Beautiful? The Conflicting Answers of Numismatics', in Walker, S., & Higgs, P. (eds.),
Cleopatra of Egypt: From History to Myth
(2001), pp. 210–214.

Goudchaux, G., ‘Cleopatra the Seafarer Queen: Strabo and India', in Walker, S., & Ashton, S. (eds.),
Cleopatra Reassessed
(2003), pp. 109–111.

Grimm, G., ‘Alexandria in the Time of Cleopatra', in Walker, S., & Ashton, S. (eds.),
Cleopatra Reassessed
(2003), pp. 45–49.

Gruen, E., ‘P. Clodius: Instrument or Independent Agent?',
Phoenix
20 (1966), pp. 120–130.

Gruen, E., ‘Cleopatra in Rome: Facts and Fantasies', in Braund, D., & Gill, C. (eds.),
Myths, History and Culture in Republican Rome: Studies in Honour of T. P. Wiseman
(2003), pp. 257–274.

Hammond, N., ‘The Macedonian Imprint on the Hellenistic World', in Green, P. (ed.),
Hellenistic History and Culture
(1993), pp. 12–37.

Harrington, D., ‘The Battle of Actium: A Study in Historiography',
Ancient World
9. 1 —2 (1984), pp. 59–64.

Huzar, E., ‘Mark Antony: Marriages vs. Careers',
The Classical Journal
81. 2 (1986), pp. 97–111.

Johansen, F., ‘Portraits of Cleopatra — Do They Exist?' in Walker, S., & Ashton, S. (eds.),
Cleopatra Reassessed
(2003), pp. 75–77.

Johnson, J., ‘The Authenticity and Validity of Antony's Will',
L'Antiquite Classique
47 (1978), pp. 494–503.

Kennedy, D., ‘Parthia and Rome: Eastern Perspectives', in Kennedy, D. (ed.),
The Roman Army in the East, JRA
Supplement 18 (1996), pp. 67–90.

Keppie, L., ‘A Centurion of
Legio Martia
at Padova?',
Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies
2 (1991), pp. 115–121 (also published as Keppie, L.,
Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971–2000
(2000), pp. 68–74.