At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (56 page)

60.
Hugh Platte,
The Jewell House of Art and Nature
... (1594; rpt. edn., Amsterdam, 1979), 50.

61.
July 20, 1709, Sewall,
Diary
, II, 622; George Lyman Kittredge,
The Old Farmer and His Almanack
... (Cambridge, Mass., ca. 1904), 147;
DUR
, July 11, 1787.

62.
Marybeth Carlson, “Domestic Service in a Changing City Economy: Rotterdam, 1680–1780” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Wisconsin, 1993), 157–158; Wilson,
English Proverbs
, 167.

63.
Grub Street Journal
(London), May 16, 1734.

64.
PA
, July 15, 1763;
William Langland’s Piers Plowman: The C Version
, trans. George Economou (Philadelphia, 1996), 25; Christopher R. Friedrichs,
The Early Modern City, 1450-1750
(London, 1995), 276–277.

65.
William Hector, ed.,
Selections from the Judicial Records of Renfrewshire
... (Paisley, Scot., 1876), 239; Bernard Capp, “Arson, Threats of Arson, and Incivility in Early Modern England,” in Peter Burke et al., eds.,
Civil Histories: Essays Presented to Sir Keith Thomas
(Oxford, 2000), 197–213; Matthiessen,
Natten
, 121.

66.
Goudsblom,
Fire and Civilization
, 158; Roberts, “Fire in French Cities,” 22;
Country Journal: or the Craftsman
(London), June 24, 1738.

67.
SJC
, May 25, 1769; Frank McLynn,
Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England
(London, 1989), 85; Ruff, “Crime, Justice, and Public Order,” 262;
BC
, May 20, 1761.

68.
Augustus Jessopp, ed.,
The Autobiography of the Hon. Roger North
(London, 1887), 41;
WJ
, Aug. 15, 1724;
Effectual Scheme
, 69–70.

69.
Bob Scribner, “The Mordbrenner Fear in Sixteenth-Century Germany: Political Paranoia or the Revenge of the Outcast?,” in Evans, ed.,
German Underworld
, 29–56; Penny Roberts, “Arson, Conspiracy and Rumor in Early Modern Europe,”
Continuity and Change
12 (1997), 9–29.

70.
Jacqueline Simpson,
The Folklore of Sussex
(London, 1973), 135–136; Capp, “Arson,” 204; Thomas D. Morris,
Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996), 330–332.

71.
Weinsberg,
Diary
, I, 125;
SJC
, Nov. 4, 1769; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic,
531–533.

72.
Grose,
Dictionary
; 6 Anne c.31;
PG
, Apr. 30, 1730. See also
Effectual Scheme
, 69; Michael Kunze,
Highroad to the Stake: A Tale of Witchcraft
, trans. William E. Yuill (Chicago, 1987), 147.

73.
Nashe,
Works
, I, 386.

74.
Rudolph Braun,
Industrialisation and Everyday Life
, trans. Sarah Hanbury Tenison (Cambridge, 1990), 84.

PART TWO

PRELUDE

1.
James M. Houston, ed.,
The Mind on Fire: An Anthology of the Writings of Blaise Pascal
(Porland, Ore., 1989), 165.

2.
[Foxton],
The Night-Piece: A Poem
(London, 1719), 10. For the institutions of daily life, see, for example, Pounds,
Culture
, 255–301; Cohens,
Italy
, 51–52, 116–125; David H. Flaherty, “Crime and Social Control in Provincial Massachusetts,”
Historical Journal
24 (1981), 339–360.

3.
Ken Krabbenhoft, trans.,
The Poems of St. John of the Cross
(New York, 1999), 19; James Scholefield, ed.,
The Works of James Pilkington, B. D., Lord Bishop of Durham
(London, 1842), 340; Verdon,
Night
, 199–215; Paulette Choné,
L’Atelier Des Nuits: Histoire et Signification du Nocturne dans l’Art d’Occident
(Nancy, France, 1992), 146–150; John M. Staudenmaier, “Denying the Holy Dark: The Englightenment Ideal and the European Mystical Tradition,” in Leo Marx and Bruce Mazlish, eds.,
Progress: Fact or Illusion
(Ann Arbor, Mich., 1996), 184–185.

4.
Daniello Bartoli,
La Ricreazione del Savio
(Parma, 1992), 191–192; John Northbrooke,
A Treatise wherein Dicing, Dauncing, Vaine Playes or Enterluds with Other Idle Pastimes
... (London, 1577), 20; John Clayton,
Friendly Advice to the Poor
... (Manchester, 1755), 38.

5.
Piero Camporesi,
Exotic Brew: The Art of Living in the Age of Enlightenment
(Malden, Mass., 1994), 13.

6.
Thomas Amory,
Daily Devotion Assisted and Recommended
... (London, 1772), 20; George Economou, trans.,
William Langland’s Piers Plowman: The C Version
(Philadelphia, 1996), 188; Cotton Mather,
Meat Out of the Eater
(Boston, 1703), 129; Keith Thomas,
Man and the Natural World: A History of the Modern Sensibility
(New York, 1983), 40.

CHAPTER THREE

1.
Moryson,
Unpublished Itinerary
, 350.

2.
Lean,
Lean’s Collectanea
, I, 352; Gerhard Dohrn-van Rossum,
History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders
, trans. Thomas Dunlap (Chicago, 1996), 204; Remarks 1717, 160; Sigridin Maurice and Klaus Maurice, “Counting the Hours in Community Life of the 16
th
Century,” in Klaus Maurice and Otto Mayr, eds.,
The Clockwork Universe: German Clocks and Automata, 1550–1650
(New York, 1980), 148.

3.
T. P. Wiseman,
Remus: A Roman Myth
(Cambridge, 1995), 125; James D. Tracy, ed.,
City Walls: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective
(Cambridge, 2000); R. A. Butlin, “Land and People, c. 1600,” in T. W. Moody et al., eds.,
Early Modern Ireland, 1534–1691
(Oxford, 1991), 160–161; Remarks 1717, 160; Matthiessen,
Natten
, 18; Ripae,
Nocturno Tempore
, ch. 19.

4.
Adam Walker,
Ideas
...
in a Late Excursion through Flanders, Germany, France, and Italy
(London, 1790), 69; Verdon,
Night
, 81;
Batavia: or the Hollander Displayed
... (Amsterdam, 1675), 50; Alexander Cowan,
Urban Europe, 1500–1700
(London, 1998), 138–142.

5.
John Chamberlayne,
Magna Britannia Notitia: or, the Present State of Great Britain
... (London, 1723), I, 255; Cowan,
Urban Europe
, 39–40.

6.
Anglicus,
On the Properties of Things
, trans. John Trevisa (Oxford, 1975), I, 539; Christopher R. Friedrichs,
The Early Modern City, 1450–1750
(London, 1995), 23.

7.
Corinne Walker, “Esquisse Pour une Histoire de la Vie Nocturne: Genéve au XVIIIe Siècle,”
Revue du Vieux Genève
19 (1989), 74; Moryson,
Itinerary
, I, 41; Remarks 1717, 101–104; Gerhard Tanzer,
Spectacle Müssen Seyn: Die Freizeit der Wiener im 18. Jahrhundert
(Vienna, 1992), 55.

8.
OED
, s.v. “curfew”; Raphael Holinshed,
Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland
, ed. Charles Lethbridge (1807; rpt. edn., New York, 1965), II, 9.

9.
Toulin Smith, ed.,
English Gilds: The Original Ordinances of More than One Hundred Early English Gilds
... (1870; rpt. edn., London, 1963), 194; Falkus, “Lighting,” 249–251; William M. Bowsky, “The Medieval Commune and Internal Violence: Police Power and Public Safety in Siena, 1287–1355,”
AHR
73 (1967), 6; A. Voisin, “Notes sur la Vie Urbaine au XV. Siècle: Dijon la Nuit,”
Annales de Bourgogne
9 (1937), 267.

10.
Matthiessen,
Natten
, 21–22; Gerald Strauss,
Nuremberg in the Sixteenth Century: City Politics and Life Between Middle Ages and Modern Times
(Bloomington, Ind., 1976), 190–191; J. R. Hale, “Violence in the Late Middle Ages: A Background,” in Lauro Martines, ed.,
Violence and Civil Disorder in Italian Cities
,
1200–1500
(Berkeley, Calif., 1972), 23; Verdon,
Night
, 81; Journal of Sir John Finch, 1675–1682, Historical Manuscripts Commission,
Report on the Manuscripts of Allan Finch, Esq. .
..
(London, 1913), I, 69.

11.
Paul Griffiths, “Meanings of Nightwalking in Early Modern England,”
Seventeenth Century
13 (1998), 224–225;
The Lawes of the Market
(1595; rpt. edn., Amsterdam, 1974); Falkus, “Lighting,” 250–251, passim.

12.
W. O. Hassall, comp.,
How They Lived: An Anthology of Original Accounts Written Before 1485
(Oxford, 1962), 207; Griffiths “Nightwalking,” 218, passim; Marjorie Keniston McIntosh,
Controlling Misbehavior in England, 1370–1600
(Cambridge, 1998), 66–67; Bronislaw Geremek,
The Margins of Society in Late Medieval Paris
, trans. Jean Birrell (Cambridge, 1987), 126, 217; Moryson,
Itinerary
, I, 196; Walker, “Genève,” 75; T. Platter,
Journal
, 204; Christopher Black,
Early Modern Italy: A Social History
(London, 2001), 102.

13.
Benjamin Ravid, “The Venetian Government and the Jews,” in Robert C. Davis and Benjamin Ravid, eds.,
The Jews of Early Modern Venice
(Baltimore, 2001), 8, 21; Orest and Patricia Ranum, comps.,
The Century of Louis XIV
(New York, 1972), 168; Black,
Early Modern Italy
, 154–156; R.I. Moore,
The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950–1250
(Oxford, 1987), 87.

14.
Dekker,
Lanthorne and Candle-Light
(London, 1608); Kathryn Norberg,
Rich and Poor in Grenoble, 1600–1814
(Berkeley, Calif., 1985), 44; Griffiths, “Nightwalking,” passim; Robert B. Shoemaker,
Prosecution and Punishment: Petty Crime and the Law in London and Rural Middlesex, c. 1660–1725
(Cambridge, 1991), 179–181; Luigi Cajan and Silva Saba, “La Notte Devota: Luci e Ombre Delle Quarantore,” in Mario Sbriccoli, ed.,
La Notte: Ordine, Sicurezza e Disciplinamento in Età Moderna
(Florence, 1991), 74.

15.
13 Edward I c.4; Sir Andrew Balfour,
Letters Written to a Friend
(Edinburgh, 1700), 86; Bartholomäus Sastrow et al.,
Social Germany in Luther’s Time: Being the Memoirs of Bartholomew Sastrow
, trans. H.A.L. Fisher (Westminster, Eng., 1902), 172; Moryson,
Unpublished Itinerary
, 405, 163; Ruth Pike, “Crime and Punishment in Sixteenth-Century Spain,”
Journal of European Economic History
5 (1976), 695; Andrew Trout,
City on the Seine: Paris in the Time of Richelieu and Louis XIV
(New York, 1996), 173–174, 217.

16.
A. R. Myers, ed.,
English Historical Documents, 1327–1485
(London, 1969), 1073; David Chambers and Trevor Dean,
Clean Hands and Rough Justice: An Investigating Magistrate in Renaissance Italy
(Ann Arbor, Mich., 1997), 100; Elisabeth Pavan, “Recherches sur la Nuit Vénitienne à la Fin du Moyen Age,”
Journal of Medieval History
7 (1981), 354–355.

17.
Verdon,
Night
, 75; Pavan, “Nuit Vénitienne,” 353.

18.
E. S. De Beer, “The Early History of London Street-Lighting,”
History
25 (1941), 311–324; Falkus, “Lighting,” 251–254; O’Dea,
Lighting
, 94; Paul Zumthor,
Daily Life in Rembrandt’s Holland
(New York, 1963), 20.

19.
Angelo Raine, ed.,
York Civic Records
(Wakefield, Eng., 1942), III, 110; Falkus, “Lighting,” 251–254; J. H. Thomas,
Town Government in the Sixteenth Century ...
(London, [1933]), 56–57; Carl Bridenbaugh,
Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 1590–1642
(New York, 1967), 153–154.

20.
Charles Knight,
London
(London, 1841), I, 104; De Beer, “London Street-Lighting,” 311–324; Matthiessen,
Natten
, 26.

21.
Jean Shirley, trans.,
A Parisian Journal, 1405–1449
(Oxford, 1968), 51; Thoresby,
Diary
, I, 190; Matthiessen,
Natten
, 24, 118; David Cressy,
Bonfires and Bells: National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England
(London, 1989), 74; Bargellini, “Vita Notturna,” 79.

22.
James S. Amelang, ed.,
A Journal of the Plague Year: The Diary of the Barcelona Tanner Miquel Parets, 1651
(New York, 1991), 86; Koslofsky, “Court Culture,” 746; Lord Herbert, ed.,
Henry, Elizabeth and George (1738–80): Letters and Diaires of Henry, Tenth Earl of Pembroke and His Circle
(London, 1939), 371; Luca Landucci, ed.,
A Florentine Diary from 1450 to 1516
, trans. Alice De Rosen Jervis (London, 1927), 161, 29; May 29, 1666, Pepys,
Diary
, VII, 136; Cressy,
Bonfires and Bells
, 85–92.

23.
A. W. Verity, ed.,
Milton’s Samson Agonistes
(Cambridge, 1966), 7; Phillip Stubbes,
Anatomy of the Abuses in England
... , ed. Frederick J. Furnivall (London, 1877), I, 342; Dec. 6, 1764, Frederick A. Pottle, ed.,
Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany and Switzerland, 1764
(New York, 1953), 243; Eamon Duffy,
The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, c.1400–c.1580
(New Haven, 1992), 407, 419. See also Moryson,
Itinerary
, I, 167, 235, 310.