At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (60 page)

9.
H. C. Barnard, trans.,
Fénelon on Education
(Cambridge, 1966), 8; Pinkerton,
Travels
, II, 757; Timothy J. Casey, ed.,
Jean Paul: A Reader
, trans. Erika Casey (Baltimore, 1992), 339; Olwen Hufton, “Women, Work, and Family,” in
HWW
III, 40; Linda A. Pollock, “Parent-Child Relations,” in
FLEMT
, 197.

10.
Thomas Bewick,
A Memoir of Thomas Bewick
, ed. Iain Bain (London, 1975), 16.

11.
Dialogues on the Passions, Habits, and Affections Peculiar to Children
... (London, 1748), 40; William Hazlitt and Elbridge Colby, eds.,
The Life of Thomas Holcroft
(New York, 1968), I, 14–15. See also
Hibernicus; or Memoirs of an Irishman ...
(Pittsburgh, 1828).

12.
Rousseau,
Emile
, trans. Bloom, 137; Mollie Harris,
A Kind of Magic
(London, 1969), 104–105; Restif de la Bretonne,
Monsieur Nicolas; or, the Human Heart Laid Bare
(London, 1966), 29;
Autobiography of John Younger, Shoemaker, St. Boswells
(Kelso, Eng., 1881), 45; Mrs. Laura M., Oct. 7, 14, 1938, “Game Songs and Rhymes,” American Life Histories: Manuscripts from the Federal Writers’ Project, 1936–1940, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; Percy B. Green,
A History of Nursery Rhymes
(1899; rpt. edn., Detroit, 1968), 78–80.

13.
Thomas Balston,
The Life of Jonathan Martin
... (London, 1945), 3. See also, for example, Joseph Bougerel,
Vie de Pierre Gassendi
... (1737; rpt. edn., Geneva, 1970), 3.

14.
Torriano,
Proverbi
, 171.

15.
Mar. 7, 1787, Diary of Dr. Samuel Adams, Diary, 1758–1819, New York Public Library; Jan. 4, 1705, Cowper, Diary.

16.
Griffiths,
Youth
, 135; Robert Morgan,
My Lamp Still Burns
(Llandysul, Wales, 1981), 64; Bräker,
Life
, 57–58, 63, 67; Ménétra,
Journal
, 24; Valentin Jamerey-Duval,
Memoires: Enfance et Éducation d’un Paysan au XVIIIe Siècle
, ed. Jean Marie Goulemot (Paris, 1981), 114; Pounds,
Culture
, 273–274, 409.

17.
Joachim Schlör,
Nights in the Big City: Paris, Berlin, London 1840–1930
, trans. Pierre Gottfried Imhof and Dafydd Rees Roberts (London, 1998), 57; Alberti,
Family in Renaissance Florence
, trans. Watkins, 107.

18.
PG
, Feb. 11, 1789.

19.
OED
, s.v. “cat’s eye”; T. Row, “Hints for Constructing Glasses to Shew Objects in the Night,”
GM
, 1777, 59; Lorus Johnson Milne and Margery Joan Milne,
The World of Night
(New York, 1956), 8–9; Faber Birren,
The Power of Color .
. . (Secaucus, N.J., 1997), 228–229. See also C. E. Roybet, ed.,
Les Serées de Guillaume Bouchet Sieur de Brocourt
(Paris, 1874), III, 238–239.

20.
John Caspall,
Making Fire and Light in the Home Pre-1820
(Woodbridge, Eng., 1987), 223–227; O’Dea,
Lighting
, 70–76.

21.
Nov. 15, 1729, Sanderson, Diary, 30;
OBP
, Apr. 4, 1733, 119; Thomas Wright,
The Homes of Other Days: A History of Domestic Manners and Sentiments in England .
. . (New York, 1871), 460.

22.
Eric Partridge,
A Dictionary of the Underworld
... (New York, 1950), 448; Eugène Defrance,
Histoire de l’Éclairage des Rues de Paris
(Paris, 1904), 30–33; Christopher Hibbert,
Venice: The Biography of a City
(New York, 1989), 166; Jeremy D. Popkin, ed.,
Panorama of Paris: Selections from Le Tableau de Paris, Louis-Sébastien Mercier
(University Park, Pa., 1999), 132.

23.
Defoe,
Second Thoughts Are Best
... (London, 1729), 15; G. C. Faber, ed.,
The Poetical Works of John Gay .
. . (London, 1926), 81; Popkin, ed.,
Panorama of Paris
, 132;
The Novels and Miscellaneous Works of Daniel Defoe
(London, 1885), 515.

24.
OBP
, Oct. 4, 1719, 5.

25.
Donald E. Crawford, ed.,
Journals of Sir John Lauder
(Edinburgh, 1900), 120; Harry Ross-Lewin,
With “The Thirty-Second” in the Peninsular and other Campaigns
, ed. John Wardell (Dublin, 1904), 146.

26.
Torriano,
Proverbi
, 89; Shakespeare,
Venus and Adonis
, 825–826. Then, also, localities steadily restricted the use of flambeaux. Because of the threat of fire from open flames, cities by the late seventeenth century instead began to encourage reliance on lanterns. Stockholm in 1725 reserved torches for the royal family. Matthiessen,
Natten
, 28.

27.
Tilley,
Proverbs in England
, 471; Anne Elizabeth Baker, comp.
Glossary of Northamptonshire Words and Phrases
... (London, 1854), 95; G. F. Northall, comp.,
A Warwickshire Word-Book
... (1896; rpt. edn., Vaduz, Liecht, 1965), 167; J. W. Goethe,
Italian Journey, 1786–1788
(New York, 1968), 325;
OED
, s.v. “night-sun.”

28.
Victor Hugo Paltsits, “Journal of Benjamin Mifflin on a Tour from Philadelphia to Delaware and Maryland, July 26 to Aug. 14, 1762,”
Bulletin of the New York Public Library
39 (1935), 438; Mary Yates, Dec. 11, 1764, Assi 45/28/1/16.

29.
William Dickinson, comp.,
A Glossary of Words and Phrases Pertaining to the Dialect of Cumberland
(London, 1878), 103;
OBP
, Sept. 15–18, 1762, 164;
Street Lighting Manual: Prepared by the Street and Highway Lighting Committee of the Edison Electric Institute
(New York, 1969), 63–64; Milne and Milne,
World of Night, 10.

30.
Robert Bator,
Masterworks of Children’s Literature, 1740–1836: The Middle Period
(New York, 1983), 254; “A.B.,”
SJC
, Sept. 13, 1764; Margaret Spufford,
Small Books and Pleasant Histories: Popular Fiction and Its Readership in Seventeenth-Century England
(Athens, Ga., 1981), 2; Michael O’Malley, “Time, Work and Task Orientation: A Critique of American Historiography,”
Time & Society
1 (1992), 350.

31.
Bradford Torrey, ed.
The Writings of Henry David Thoreau
(Boston, 1906), II, 372; Nov. 21, 1786, Woodforde,
Diary
, II, 284; Edward Browne,
Journal of a Visit to Paris in the Year 1664,
ed. Geoffrey Keynes (London, 1923), 22; Feb. 28, 1664, Pepys,
Diary
, V, 68, I–IX, passim; Swift,
Journal
, I, 356, passim; Nov. 9, 1792, Dorothy Heighes Woodforde, ed.,
Woodforde Papers and Diaries
(London, 1932), 80.

32.
OBP
, Dec. 8, 1742, 16;
OED
, s.v. “shepherd’s lamp”; John Clare,
Cottage Tales
, ed. Eric Robinson et al. (Manchester, 1993), 88; Baker, comp.,
Northamptonshire Glossary
, III, 225; H. J. Deverson, ed.,
Journey into Night
(New York, 1966), 138;
OBP
, May 30–31, 1745.

33.
Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure
12 (Jan. 1753), 3;
OED
, s.v. “Milky Way,” “Walsingham,” “Watling-street”; Eveline Camilla Gurdon,
Suffolk
(London, 1893), 166; “Impressions of a Night Sky Unaffected by Light Pollution,” International Dark-Sky Association, Information Sheet #111, Web:
www.darksky.org
.

34.
Torrey, ed.,
Thoreau Writings
, II, 383.

35.
June 24, 1801, Drinker,
Diary
, II, 1422; M. McGrath, ed.,
Cinnine Amhiaoibh Ui Shuileabháin: The Diary of Humphrey O’Sullivan
(London, 1936–1937), I–IV, passim; Peter Barber, “Journal of a Traveller in Scotland, 1795–1796,”
Scottish Historical Review
36 (1957), 43.

36.
Mansie Wauch,
The Life of Mansie Wauch, Tailor in Dalkeith
(Edinburgh, 1827), 85;
ECR
, VIII, 387; William H. Cope, ed.,
A Glossary of Hampshire Words and Phrases
(1883; rpt. edn., Vaduz, Liecht., 1965), 23; Walter W. Skeat, ed.,
A Collection of English Words .
. . (London, 1874), 57, 87, 93; Baker, comp.,
Northamptonshire Words and Phrases
, II, 119; Frederic Thomas Elsworthy, comp.,
The West Somerset Word-Book
... (1886; rpt. edn., Vaduz, Liecht., 1965), 575; Jan. 18, 1666, Pepys,
Diary
, VII, 18; Giuseppe Marco Antonio Baretti,
A Dictionary, Spanish and English ...
(London, 1794);
OBP
, Apr. 24–May 1, 1754, 183.

37.
Jan. 23, 1786, Woodforde,
Diary
, II, 226; William Hazlitt,
Notes of a Journey through France and Italy
(London, 1826), 179.

38.
Diary of Robert Moody, 1660–1663, Bodl., Rawlinson Coll. D.84; Crawford, ed.,
Lauder Journals
, 177; George P. Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography
(Wesport, Ct., 1972) XIII, 109. See also Oct. 9, 1662, Pepys,
Diary
, III, 217; Oct. 1, 1794, Woodforde,
Diary
, IV, 138; Barber, “Traveller,” 49.

39.
William Cobbett,
Rural Rides in Surrey, Kent, and Other Counties
(London, 1948), II, 139; Winslow C. Watson, ed.,
Men and Times of the Revolution; or, Memoirs of Elkanah Watson, Including Journals of Travels
(New York, 1856), 59. See also Thomas Hardy,
The Woodlanders
(1887; rpt. edn., London, 1991), 12.

40.
George Edward Dartnell and Edward Hungerford Goddard, comps.,
A Glossary of Words Used in the County of Wiltshire
(London, 1893), 192;
Autobiography of the Rev. Dr. Alexander Carlyle, Minister of Inveresk
... (Edinburgh, 1860), 125–126; Barber, “Traveller,” 48.

41.
Burton E. Stevenson, ed.,
The Home Book of Proverbs, Maxims and Familiar Phrases
(New York, 1948), 168; Walter W. Skeat, ed.,
Five Reprinted Glossaries .
. . (London, 1879), 95; Bernard J. Hibbitts, “Making Sense of Metaphors: Visuality, Aurality and the Reconfiguration of American Legal Discourse,”
Cardozo Law Review
16 (1994), 229–356; Donald M. Lowe,
History of Bourgeois Perception
(Brighton, Eng., 1982), 6–8.

42.
Shakespeare,
A Midsummer Night’s Dream
, III, 2; Bruce R. Smith,
The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor
(Chicago, 1999), 58–59.

43.
John M. Hull,
Touching the Rock: An Experience of Blindness
(New York, 1990), 166, 83; Julian Jaynes,
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind
(Boston, 1977), 96–97.

44.
Barber, “Traveller,” 39; Diary of Rev. William Bennet, 1785, Bodl., Eng. Misc. f. 54, fo. 74; E. P. Thompson,
Customs in Common
(New York, 1991), 362; Joshua Lucock Wilkinson,
The Wanderer .
. .
through France, Germany and Italy in 1791 and 1793
(London, 1798), I, 58; Jasper Danckaerts,
Journal of a Voyage to New York and a Tour in Several of the American Colonies in 1679–80
, ed. and trans. Henry C. Murphy (New York, 1867), 125.

45.
Sept. 20, 1791, Walter Johnson, ed.,
Gilbert White’s Journals
(1931; rpt. edn., New York, 1970), 394; Milne and Milne,
World of Night
, 13–14, 94; Claire Murphy and William Cain, “Odor Identification: The Blind are Better,”
Physiology & Behavior
37 (1986), 177–180. Memories of pungent scents stay with us long after we have forgotten most visual scenes. J. Douglas Porteous,
Landscapes of the Mind: Worlds of Sense and Metaphor
(Toronto, 1990), 34–36.

46.
W. Carew Hazlitt, ed.,
English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases .
. . (London, 1882), 94; Edward Ward,
The London Spy
(1709; rpt. edn., New York, 1985), 40; Barber, “Traveller,” 39; M. Betham-Edwards, ed.,
The Autobiography of Arthur Young
(1898; rpt. edn., New York, 1967), 194. See also Sept. 15, 1779, Andrew Oliver, ed.,
The Journal of Samuel Curwen, Loyalist
(Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 560.

47.
OED
, s.v. “blind road”; Sept. 16, 1795, “Dr. Pierce’s Manuscript Journal,”
Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings
, 2
nd
Ser., 3 (1886–1887), 52; Laurel Thatcher Ulrich,
A Midwife’s Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785–1812
(New York, 1990), 202; Hull,
Touching the Rock
,
103.

48.
Faber, ed.,
Gay Works
, 83.

49.
Descartes,
Selected Philosophical Writings
, trans. John Cottingham et al. (Cambridge, 1988), 58; Harry Porter,
The Pleasant History of the Two Angry Women of Abington
(n.p., 1599); Oct. 2, 1724, Parkman,
Diary,
6.

50.
Cecil Aspinall-Oglander, ed.,
Admiral’s Wife: Being the Life and Letters of the Hon. Mrs. Edward Boscawen from 1719 to 1761
(London, 1940), 235; Monique Savoy,
Lumiéres sur la Ville: Introduction et Promotion de l’Electricité en Suisse: L’Éclairage Lausannois, 1881–1921
(Lausanne, 1988), 50.

51.
L’Estrange,
Fables of Aesop and Other Eminent Mythologists: With Morals and Reflections
(London, 1699), I, 103.