At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (58 page)

61.
Bowsky, “Medieval Commune,” 4; Ripae,
Nocturno Tempore
, ch. 24:3, passim;
JRAI
, I and II, passim; High Court of Justiciary, Small Papers, Main Series, JC 26/42–43, passim, Scottish Record Office, Edinburgh; Julius R. Ruff,
Crime, Justice and Public Order in Old Regime France: The Sénéchaussées of Libourne and Bazas, 1696–1789
(London, 1984), 115; Matthiessen,
Natten
, 129.

62.
Beattie,
Crime
, 148; Ian W. Archer,
The Pursuit of Stability: Social Relations in Elizabethan London
(Cambridge, 1991), 247; Ian Cameron,
Crime and Repression in the Auvergne and the Guyenne, 1720–1790
(Cambridge, 1981), 155–156; Edgar J. McManus,
Law and Liberty in Early New England: Criminal Justice and Due Process, 1620–1692
(Amherst, Mass., 1993), 30–31.

63.
“Justus Sed Humanus,”
London Magazine
, April 1766, 204; Sir William Blackstone,
Commentaries on the Laws of England
, ed. William Draper Lewis (Phildadelphia, 1902), IV, 1579; Scott, ed. and trans.,
Civil Law
, 59; Katherine Fischer Drew, trans.,
The Lombard Laws
(Philadelphia, 1973), 58; F.R.P. Akehurst, ed.,
The Coutumes de Beauvaisis of Philippe de Beaumanoir
(Philadelphia, 1992), 429–430; Ripae,
Nocturno Tempore
, ch. 24; Crusius,
Nocte
, ch. 11.5–8; Samuel E. Thorne, ed.,
Bracton on the Laws and Customs of England
(Cambridge, Mass., 1968), II, 408; Porret,
Crime et ses Circonstances
, 288–289.

64.
Lottin,
Chavatte
, 356;
JRAI
, II, 488; Blackstone,
Commentaries
, ed. Lewis, IV, 1618.

65.
An Effectual Scheme for the Immediate Preventing of Street Robberies, and Suppressing All Other Disorders of the Night
... (London, 1731), 62; Edmond-Jean-François Barbier,
Journal d’un Bourgeois de Paris sous le Règne de Louis XV
(Paris, 1963), 169; Matthiessen,
Natten
, 12; Jeffry Kaplow,
The Names of Kings: The Parisian Laboring Poor in the Eighteenth Century
(New York, 1972), 22–23.

CHAPTER FOUR

1.
Apr. 6, 1745, Parkman,
Diary
, 114.

2.
Bräker,
Life
, 67; John Milton,
Complete Prose Works
(New Haven, 1953), I, 228; Nina Gockerell, “Telling Time without a Clock,” in Klaus Maurice and Otto Mayr, eds.,
The Clockwork Universe: German Clocks and Automata, 1550–1650
(New York, 1980), 131–143.

3.
Giambattista Basile,
The Pentamerone
... , ed. and trans. Stith Thompson (1932; rpt. edn., Westport, Ct., 1979), I, 297; Randle Cotgrave,
A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues
(London, 1611), Muchembled,
Violence
, 53; Thomas Hardy,
The Woodlanders
(1887; rpt. edn., London, 1991), 99–100; Gockerell, “Telling Time,” 134–136.

4.
Phineas Fletcher,
The Purple Island, or the Isle of Man
(n.p., 1633), 46; Wilson J. Litchfield,
The Litchfield Family in America
(Southbridge, Mass., 1906), V, 344; Sept. 30, 1774, Patten,
Diary
, 330, 385.

5.
Henry Swinburne,
Travels in the Two Siciliies
... (London, 1783), II, 269; William Sewell,
A Large Dictionary English and Dutch
(Amsterdam, 1708), 79; Shakespeare,
Macbeth
, I, 5, 51.

6.
“Fantasticks,” Breton,
Works
, II, 15.

7.
Oct. 23, 1676, Sewall,
Diary
, I, 28; May 10, 1776, Andrew Oliver, ed.,
The Journal of Samuel Curwen, Loyalist
(Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 156; Philippe Contamine, “Peasant Hearth to Papal Palace: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries,” in
HPL
II, 499; W. Carew Hazlitt, ed.,
English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases
... (London, 1882), 291.

8.
Barbara A. Hanawalt,
The Ties That Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England
(New York, 1986), 44; Sir Edward Coke,
The Reports
... (London, 1658), 453; Burt,
Letters
, II, 206.

9.
OBP
, Apr. 29–May 1, 1747, 152, May 14, 1741, 12, July 15–17, 1767, 244; David Ogborne,
The Merry Midnight Mistake, or Comfortable Conclusion
(Chelmsford, Eng., 1765), 34; Timothy J. Casey, ed.,
Jean Paul: A Reader
, trans. Erika Casey (Baltimore, 1992), 338;
FLEMT
, xi–xii.

10.
Pounds,
Home
, 184–186; Hanawalt,
Ties That Bound
, 38;
A Warning for House-Keepers
... (n.p., 1676), 4.

11.
Pinkerton,
Travels
, I, 517; John E. Crowley,
The Invention of Comfort: Sensibilities & Design in Early Modern Britain & Early America
(Baltimore, 2001), 36–44, 62–69; Pounds,
Culture
, 118–120.

12.
Edward Clarke,
Letters Concerning the Spanish Nation
... (London, 1763), 344; June 20, 1766, Diary of Mr. Tracy and Mr. Dentand, Bodl.; John Fielding,
Thieving Detected
... (London, 1777), 9; Monsieur du Sorbiere,
A Voyage to England
... (London, 1709), 11.

13.
Paolo Da Certaldo,
Libro di Buoni Costumi,
ed. Alfredo Schiaffini (Florence, 1945), 30; Nov. 12, Oct. 21, 1666, Pepys,
Diary
, VII, 367, 336; Ann Feddon, Apr. 20, 1751, Assi 45/24/3/42; John Cooper, Dec. 13, 1765, Assi 45/28/2/137; Contamine, “Peasant Hearth to Papal Palace,” 502; Eugen Weber, “Fairies and Hard Facts: The Reality of Folktales,”
Journal of the History of Ideas
42 (1981), 101–102.

14.
Dec. 13, 1672, Isham,
Diary
, 175; John Worlidge,
Systema Agriculturae; The Mystery of Husbandry Discovered
... (1675; rpt. edn., Los Angeles, 1970), 221;
London Gazette
, Oct. 1, 1694; John Houghton,
A Collection for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade
, July 20, 1694; William Hamlet,
The Plan and Description of a Machine
...
against Fire and House-breaking
(Birmingham, 1786).

15.
C. G. Crump, ed.,
The History of the Life of Thomas Ellwood
(New York, 1900), 7;
An Account of a Most Barbarous Murther and Robbery
...
25
th
of October, 1704
(London, 1704/1705);
OED
, s.v. “bedstaff”; Francis Bamford, ed.,
A Royalist’s Notebook: The Commonplace Book of Sir John Oglander
(New York, 1971), 55; Ruff,
Violence
, 49.

16.
Mar. 21, 1763, Frederick A. Pottle, ed.,
Boswell’s London Journal, 1762–1763
(New York, 1950), 224; Leonard R. N. Ashley, ed.,
A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Charlotte Charke
... (1755; rpt. edn., Gainesville, Fla., 1969), 45; J. S. Cockburn, “Patterns of Violence in English Society: Homicide in Kent, 1560–1985,”
PP
130 (1991), 86–87.

17.
Thoresby,
Diary
, I, 345; George Murray, Jan. 10, 1778, Assi 45/33/2/150; Oct. 25, 1704, A. H. Quint, “Journal of the Reverend John Pike,”
Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings
, 1
st
Ser., 14 (1875–1876), 139;
The Province and Court Records of Maine
(Portland, Maine, 1958), IV, 341.

18.
OED
, s.v. “bandog”; Harrison,
Description
, 339–348; Thomas Kirk and Ralph Thoresby,
Tours in Scotland, 1677 & 1681
, ed. P. Hume Brown (Edinburgh, 1892), 27;
OBP
, Apr. 9–11, 1746, 118; Keith Thomas,
Man and the Natural World
(New York, 1983), 101–104; Mrs. Reginald Heber
, The Life of Reginald Heber ...
(New York, 1830), I, 217; George Sand,
Story of My Life
... , ed. Thelma Jurgrau (Albany, 1991), 631.

19.
Augustin Gallo,
Secrets de la Vraye Agriculture
... (Paris, 1572), 204; Harrison,
Description
, 343; Daniel Defoe,
Street-Robberies Consider’d
... , (1728; rpt. edn. Stockton, N.J., 1973), 68; M. Conradus Heresbachius, comp.,
Foure Bookes of Husbandry
, trans. Barnabe Googe, (London, 1577), fo. 154–156; Charles Stevens and John Liebrault,
Maison Rustique, or, the Countrey Farme
, trans. Richard Surflet (London, 1616), 120–122; Worlidge,
Systema Agriculturae
, 162, 222;
Times
, Jan. 16, 1790.

20.
Campion,
The Discription of a Maske
(London, 1607).

21.
Aug. 2, 1708, Cowper, Diary; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, passim, esp. 493–497.

22.
George Peele,
The Old Wives Tale
, ed. Patricia Binnie (Manchester, 1980), 42 n. 104; Edward Young,
Night Thoughts
, ed. Stephen Cornford (Cambridge, 1989), 121; Casey, ed.,
Jean Paul
, trans. Casey, 338; R. Sherlock,
The Practical Christian
... (London, 1699), 322; Taillepied,
Ghosts
, 169.

23.
W. M.,
Hesperi-neso-graphia: or, a Description of the Western Isle
... (London, 1716), 8; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, 496–497; Robert Muchembled, “Popular Culture,” in Robert Muchembled et al.,
Popular Culture
(Danbury, Ct., 1994), 11.

24.
SAS
, V, 335; C. Scott Dixon,
The Reformation and Rural Society: The Parishes of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, 1528–1603
(Cambridge, 1996), 183, 180–181, 194–195; George Saintsbury, ed.,
The Works of John Dryden
(Edinburgh, 1884), IX, 443; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, 222–231; Burke,
Popular Culture
, passim.

25.
OED
, s.v. “night-spell”; Minor White Latham,
The Elizabethan Fairies: The Fairies of Folklore and the Fairies of Shakespeare
(1930; rpt. edn., New York, 1972), 38; Ralph Merrifield,
The Archaeology of Ritual and Magic
(London, 1987), 137–158.

26.
Scott,
Witchcraft
, 27; Catherine Maloney, “A Witch-Bottle from Dukes Place, Aldgate,”
Transactions of the London & Middlesex Archaeological Society
31 (1980), 157–159; John Demos,
Remarkable Providences: Readings on Early American History
(Boston, 1991), 437–438; Merrifield,
Archaeology
, 159–178.

27.
Roderick A. McDonald,
The Economy and Material Culture of Slaves: Goods and Chattels on the Sugar Plantations of Jamaica and Louisiana
(Baton Rouge, 1993), 40; Carla Mulford et al., eds.,
Early American Writings
(New York, 2002), 508.

28.
Anna Brzozowska-Krajka,
Polish Traditional Folklore: The Magic of Time
(Boulder, Colo, 1998), 122; Matthiessen,
Natten
, 100; Anonymous, Travel Diary, 1795, Chetham’s Library, Manchester, Eng.;
OED
, s.v. “mezuzah.”

29.
Sewall,
Diary
, I, 400; David D. Hall, “The Mental World of Samuel Sewall,” in David Hall et al., eds.,
Saints & Revolutionaries: Essays on Early American History
(New York, 1984), 80; Brand 1848, II, 73, III, 20–21; Kingsley Palmer,
The Folklore of Somerset
(Totowa, N.J., 1976), 45; Mrs. Gutch,
County Folk-Lore: Examples of Printed Folk-Lore Concerning the East Riding of Yorkshire
(London, 1912), 64; Karl Wegert,
Popular Culture, Crime, and Social Control in 18
th
Century Württemberg
(Stuttgart, 1994), 71.

30.
Trenchard,
The Natural History of Superstition
(London, 1709), 24; Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, 636–637, 647–648.

31.
UM
, May, 1751, 220.

32.
Henry Bull, comp.,
Christian Prayers and Holy Meditations
... (Cambridge, 1842), 75.

33.
BC
, July 1, 1761; Brand 1848, III, 180–182, 228; Brzozowska-Krajka,
Polish Folklore
, 67, 204; R.W. Scribner,
Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany
(London, 1987), 32; Mrs. M. MacLeod Banks,
British Calendar Customs: Scotland
(London, 1941), III, 112, 116–117; e-mail of Jan. 29, 2002 from David Bromwich, Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, Taunton, Eng.; Muchembled, “Popular Culture,” 24.

34.
Dec. 7, 1758, Dyer, Diary; June 3, 1662, Pepys,
Diary
, III, 101; Ian Cameron,
Crime and Repression in the Auvergne and the Guyenne, 1720–1790
(Cambridge, 1981), 127.

35.
Eugen Weber,
Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914
(Stanford, Calif., 1976), 161; Pounds,
Culture
, 109–117; Roche,
Consumption
, 125–130; Raffaella Sarti,
Europe at Home: Family and Material Culture, 1500–1800
, trans. Allan Cameron (New Haven, 2002), 92–93.

36.
William Carr, ed.,
The Dialect of Craven, in the West-Riding of the County of York
(London, 1828), I, 30; Joseph Lawson,
Letters to the Young on Progress in Pudsey during the Last Sixty Years
(Stanningley, Eng., 1887), 23; Annik Pardailhe Galabrun,
The Birth of Intimacy: Privacy and Domestic Life in Early Modern Paris
, trans. Jocelyn Phelps (Philadelphia, 1991), 120.