At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (70 page)

40.
Alan Everitt, “Farm Labourers,” in Joan Thirsk, ed.,
The Agrarian History of England and Wales, IV, 1500–1640
(London, 1967), 449; Horn,
Adapting to a New World
, 310–311, 324–325.

41.
A. Browning, ed.,
English Historical Documents, 1660–1714
(New York, 1953), 729; [Ward],
A Trip to Ireland
... (n.p., 1699), 5.

42.
Harrison,
Description
, 201;
OBP
, Sept. 9–16, 1767, 259; Feb. 19, 1665, Pepys,
Diary
, VI, 39; Cissie Fairchilds,
Domestic Enemies: Servants & Their Masters in Old Regime France
(Baltimore, 1984), 39; Steven L. Kaplan,
The Bakers of Paris and the Bread Question, 1700–1775
(Durham, N.C., 1996), 259. A servant in colonial Maryland complained, “What rest we can get is to rap ourselves up in a blanket and ly upon the ground” (Elizabeth Sprigs to John Sprigs, Sept. 22, 1756, in Merrill Jensen, ed.,
English Historical Documents: American Colonial Documents to 1776
[New York, 1955], 489), which was also the fate of most early American slaves. Although some quarters contained “boarded beds,” more often slaves slept upon the ground amid straw, rags, or, if fortunate, a few coarse blankets (Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint
, 114).

43.
OED
, s.v. “bulkers”; John Heron Lepper,
The Testaments of François Villon
(New York, 1926), 12; Order of Nov. 28, 1732, London Court of Common Council, BL; Menna Prestwich,
Cranfield: Politics and Profits Under the Early Stuarts
(Oxford, 1966), 529;
Paroimiographia
(French), 18; H. S. Bennett,
Life on the English Manor: A Study of Peasant Conditions, 1150–1400
(Cambridge, 1967), 233; Richard Parkinson, ed.,
The Private Journal and Literary Remains of John Byrom
(Manchester, 1854), I, Part 2, 407.

44.
RB
, VI, 220; Torriano,
Proverbi
, 127.

45.
Alain Collomp, “Families: Habitations and Cohabitations,” in
HPL
III, 507; Flandrin,
Families
, trans. Southern, 98–99; Flaherty,
Privacy
, 76–79.

46.
Constantia Maxwell,
Country and Town in Ireland under the Georges
(London, 1940), 123; Ménétra,
Journal
, 137; Flandrin,
Families
, trans. Southern, 100. For the expression “to pig,” see
OED
; Journal of Twisden Bradbourn, 1693–1694, 1698, 19, Miscellaneous English Manuscripts c. 206, Bodl.; Edward Peacock, comp.,
A Glossary of Words Used in the Wapentakes of Manley and Corringham, Lincolnshire
(Vaduz, Liecht., 1965), 191.

47.
John Dunton,
Teague Land, or a Merry Ramble to the Wild Irish: Letters from Ireland, 1698
, ed. Edward MacLysaght (Blackrock, Ire., 1982), 21; Howard William Troyer,
Five Travel Scripts Commonly Attributed to Edward Ward
(New York, 1933), 5, 6; Maxwell,
Ireland
, 125; Patricia James, ed.,
The Travel Diaries of Thomas Robert Malthus
(London, 1966), 188; Pinkerton,
Travels
, III, 667.

48.
James E. Savage, ed.,
The “Conceited Newes” of Sir Thomas Overbury and His Friends
(Gainesville, Fla., 1968), 260.

49.
Elias,
Civilizing Process
, trans. Jephcott, I, 160–163; Abel Boyer,
The Compleat French-Master
... (London, 1699), 6; Elborg Forster, ed. and trans.,
A Woman’s Life in the Court of the Sun King: Letters of Liselotte von der Pfalz, 1652–1722
(Baltimore, 1984), 149.

50.
John Greaves Nall, ed.,
An Etymological and Comparative Glossary of the Dialect and Provincialism of East Anglia
(London, 1866), 512; Elias,
Civilizing Process
, trans. Jephcott, I, 166–168.

51.
May 4, 1763, Frederick A. Pottle, ed.,
Boswell’s London Journal, 1762–1763
(New York, 1950), 253; June 14, 1765, Frank Brady and Frederick A. Pottle, eds.,
Boswell on the Grand Tour: Italy, Corsica, and France, 1765–1766
(New York, 1955), 253; Isaac Heller,
The Life and Confession of Isaac Heller
... (Liberty, Ind., 1836). See also Mary Nicholson, Feb. 28, 1768, Assi 45/29/1/169; Mar. 23, 1669, Pepys,
Diary
, IX, 495.

52.
Milly Harrison and O. M. Royston, comps.,
How They Lived
(Oxford, 1965), II, 235;
OBP
, Sept. 13–16, 1758, 291.

53.
Thomas Newcomb,
The Manners of the Age ...
(London, 1733), 454; June 22, 1799, Drinker,
Diary
, II, 1180; Thomas A. Wehr, “The Impact of Changes in Nightlength (Scotoperiod) on Human Sleep,” in F. W. Turek and P. C. Zee, eds.,
Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
(New York, 1999), 263–285.

54.
LDA
, June 10, 1751; Sidney Oldall Addy, comp.,
A Supplement to the Sheffield Glossary
(Vaduz, Liecht., 1965), 19; Kenneth J. Gergen et al., “Deviance in the Dark,”
Psychology Today
7 (October 1973), 130.

55.
Richard Bovet,
Pandaemonium
(Totowa, N.J., 1975), 118; James Orchard Halliwell, ed.,
The Autobiography and Personal Diary of Dr. Simon Forman
... (London, 1849), 8–9;
The Princess Cloria: or, the Royal Romance
(London, 1661), 530; Dec. 15, 1710, Cowper, Diary.

56.
Helmut Puff,
Sodomy in Reformation Germany and Switzerland, 1400–1600
(Chicago, 2003), 77–78;
OBP
, Sept. 10–16, 1755, 309; G. R. Quaife,
Wanton Wenches and Wayward Wives: Peasants and Illicit Sex in Early Seventeenth-Century England
(London, 1979), 73; Michael Rocke,
Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence
(New York, 1996), 156.

57.
The English Rogue
... (London, 1671), Part III, 31; David P. French, comp.,
Minor English Poets, 1660–1780
(New York, 1967), III, 318; Elias,
Civilizing Process
, trans. Jephcott, I, 161; Maza,
Servants and Masters
, 184.

58.
J. C. Ghosh, ed.,
The Works of Thomas Otway: Plays, Poems, and Love-Letters
(Oxford, 1968), II, 340; Joanna Brooker, Nov. 21, 1754, Suffolk Court Files #129733b, Suffolk County Court House, Boston.

59.
Geoffrey Chaucer,
Canterbury Tales
(Avon, Ct., 1974), 440–441; George Morison Paul, ed.,
Diary of Sir Archibald Johnston of Wariston
(Edinburgh, 1911), 56; Jan. 1, 1663, Pepys,
Diary
, IV, 2; Nov. 29, 1776, Charles McC. Weiss and Frederick A. Pottle, eds.,
Boswell in Extremes, 1776–1778
(New York, 1970), 62; Dec. 28, 1780, Joseph W. Reed and Frederick A. Pottle, eds.,
Boswell: Laird of Auchinleck, 1778–1782
(New York, 1977), 281.

60.
Joshua Swetman,
The Arraignment of Lewd, Idle, Froward
[sic],
and Unconstant Women
... (London, 1702), 43–44; May 11, 1731, Clegg,
Diary
, I, 118; Rudolph M. Bell,
How to Do It: Guides to Good Living for Renaissance Italians
(Chicago, 1999), 232;
The Fifteen Joys of Marriage
, trans. Elisabeth Abbott (London, 1959), 22–24, 72–84.

61.
Edward Jerningham,
The Welch Heiress
(London, 1795), 70; Diary of John Eliot, 1768, 3, passim, Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford; July 21, 1700, Diary of John Richards, Dorsetshire Record Office, Dorchester. See also
Autobiography of the Rev. Dr Alexander Carlyle, Minister of Inveresk
... (Edinburgh, 1860), 545.

62.
P.J.P. Goldberg,
Women in England, c. 1275–1525: Documentary Sources
(Manchester, 1995), 142; Ulinka Rublack,
The Crimes of Women in Early Modern Germany
(Oxford, 1999), 227;
Boston Post-Boy
, Aug. 17, 1752;
NYWJ
, Dec. 12, 1737.

CHAPTER ELEVEN

1.
C. e. r
oybet, ed.,
Les Serees de Guillaume Bouchet Sieur de Brocourt
(Paris, 1874), III, 154.

2.
William C. Dement,
The Promise of Sleep
(New York, 1999), 101.

3.
Adventurer
39, Mar. 20, 1753, 228; Christof Wirsung,
Praxis Medicinae Universalis; or a Generall Practise of Phisicke
... (London, 1598), 618.

4.
T. D. Gent,
Collin’s Walk through London and Westminster
... (London, 1690), 43; Shakespeare,
Macbeth
, II, 2, 35; William Mountfort,
The Injur’d Lovers
... (London, 1688), 49.

5.
Sylvain Matton, “Le Rêve Dans les <>: Spirituels, Kabbalistes Chrétiens et Alchimistes,”
Revue des Sciences Humaines
83 (1988), 160;
Adventurer
39, Mar. 20, 1753, 229. Of course, in Greek mythology “sleep” (
hypnos
) and “death” (
thantos
) were considered twin sons of “night.”

6.
J.C. Smith and E. De Selincourt, eds.,
Spenser: Poetical Works
(London, 1969), 606; Burton E. Stevenson, ed.,
The Home Book of Proverbs, Maxims and Familiar Phrases
(New York, 1948), 2134; Philip Sidney,
Astrophel and Stella
... (London, 1591); Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra,
The Adventures of Don Quixote
, trans. J. M. Cohen (Baltimore, 1965), 906.

7.
Joshua Sylvester, trans.,
Du Bartas: His Divine Weekes and Workes
(London, 1621), 465; Shakespeare,
King Henry V
, IV, 1, 264–267; Verdon,
Night
, 203–206. The belief that “the sleep of a labouring man is sweet” is found in
Ecclesiastes
V, 12.

8.
George Laurence Gomme, ed.,
The Gentleman’s Magazine Library: Being a Classified Collection of the Chief Contents of the Gentleman’s Magazine from 1731 to 1868: Popular Superstitions
(London, 1884), 122; July 22, Feb. 13, 1712, Cowper, Diary; Oct. 4, 1776, Charles McC. Weiss and Frederick A. Pottle, eds.,
Boswell in Extremes, 1776–1778
(New York, 1970), 39.

9.
Jean-François Senault,
Man Become Guilty, or the Corruption of Nature by Sinne
, trans. Henry Earle of Monmouth (London, 1650), 243; Philip D. Morgan, “British Encounters with Africans and African Americans, circa 1600–1780,” in Bernard Bailyn and Philip D. Morgan, eds.,
Strangers within the Realm: Cultural Margins of the First British Empire
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1991), 206; Nov. 16, 1664, Oct. 6, 1663, Pepys,
Diary
, V, 322, IV, 325.

10.
Nashe,
Works
, I, 355; July 22, 1712, Oct. 12, 1703, Cowper, Diary; Dement,
Promise of Sleep
, 17.

11.
Spenser,
Amoretti and Epithalamion
(1595; rpt. edn., Amsterdam, 1969).

12.
Herbert’s Devotions
... (London, 1657), 1; Alexander B. Grosart, ed.,
The Complete Works in Prose and Verse of Francis Quarles
(New York, 1967), II, 206; Apr. 4, 1782, Journal of Peter Oliver, Egerton Manuscripts, BL; Benjamin Mifflin, “Journal of a Journey from Philadelphia to the Cedar Swamps & Back, 1764,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
52 (1928), 130–131.

13.
Kenneth Jon Rose,
The Body in Time
(New York, 1989), 87–88; Jane Wegscheider Hyman,
The Light Book: How Natural and Artificial Light Affect Our Health, Mood and Behavior
(Los Angeles, 1990), 140–141; Gay Gaer Luce,
Body Time
(London, 1973), 151, 178.

14.
November 21, 1662, Pepys,
Diary
, III, 262; May 25, 1709, Cowper, Diary;
OED
,
s.v.
“spitting”;
SAS
, XI, 124–125; Jan. 1, Feb. 21, 1706, Raymond A. Anselment, ed.,
The Remembrances of Elizabeth Freke, 1671–1714
(Cambridge, 2001), 84; Hyman,
Light Book
, 140–141; Mary J. Dobson,
Contours of Death and Disease in Early Modern England
(Cambridge, 1997), 242, 252–253; Carol M. Worthman and Melissa K. Melby, “Toward a Comparative Developmental Ecology of Human Sleep,” in Mary A. Carskadon, ed.,
Adolescent Sleep Patterns: Biological, Social, and Psychological Influences
(Cambridge, 2002), 74.

15.
Charles Severn, ed.,
Diary of the Rev. John Ward
... (London, 1839), 199; Sept. 24, 1703, Oct. 18, 1715, Cowper, Diary; Suellen Hoy,
Chasing Dirt: The American Pursuit of Cleanliness
(Oxford, 1995), 5; Henry Vaughan,
Welsh Proverbs with English Translations
(Felinfach, Wales, 1889), 85; Legg,
Low-Life
, 9.

16.
Burton,
The Anatomy of Melancholy
(New York, 1938), 597; Bräker,
Life
, 82; Nov. 28, 1759, James Balfour Paul, ed.,
Diary of George Ridpath ... 1755–1761
(Edinburgh, 1922), 288; Oct. 1, 1703, Cowper, Diary; Michael MacDonald,
Mystical Bedlam: Madness, Anxiety, and Healing in Seventeenth-Century England
(Cambridge, 1981), 245.

17.
Piero Camporesi,
Bread of Dreams: Food and Fantasy in Early Modern Europe
, trans. David Gentilcore (Chicago, 1989), 64; John Wilson,
The Projectors
(London, 1665), 18; Lydia Dotto,
Losing Sleep: How Your Sleep Habits Affect Your Life
(New York, 1990), 157.

18.
M. Andreas Laurentius,
A Discourse of the Preservation of the Sight
... , trans. Richard Surphlet (London, 1938), 104, 96; Dagobert D. Runes, ed.,
The Selected Writings of Benjamin Rush
(New York, 1974), 200; Hyman,
Light Book
, 87, 96–97, passim.