At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (65 page)

30.
Enid Porter,
Cambridgeshire Customs and Folklore
(New York, 1969), 5;
Les Nuits d’Épreuve des Villageoises Allemandes
... (Paris, 1861), 8.

31.
Cannon, Diary, 137.

32.
Howard C. Rice, Jr., and Anne S. K. Brown, trans. and eds.,
The American Campaigns of Rochambeau’s Army 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783
(Princeton, N.J., 1972), I, 245; Michael Drake,
Population and Society in Norway 1735–1865
(Cambridge, 1969), 144; Henry Reed Stiles,
Bundling: Its Origin, Progress and Decline in America
(1871; rpt. edn., New York, 1974), 33; Stone,
Family, Sex and Marriage
, 606.

33.
Moryson,
Unpublished Itinerary
, 385; Hugh Jones,
O Gerddi Newyddion
(n.p., [1783?]), 3; Rice, Jr., and Brown, trans. and eds.,
Rochambeau’s Army
, I, 32, 169; Drake,
Population
, 144; Christine D. Worobec,
Peasant Russia: Family and Community in the Post-Emancipation Period
(Princeton, N.J., 1991), 138–139; Flandrin, “Repression,” 36.

34.
Lochwd,
Ymddiddan Rhwng Mab a Merch
, 4; Stiles,
Bundling
, 96, 29–30; Flandrin, “Repression,” 36; Dana Doten,
The Art of Bundling: Being an Inquiry into the Nature & Origins of that Curious but Universal Folk-Custom
... (Weston, Vt., 1938), 156; History and Journal of Charles Joseph de Losse de Bayac, 1763–1783, I, Manuscripts Department, Alderman Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Jack Larkin,
The Reshaping of Everyday Life, 1790–1840
(New York, 1988), 193–195, 199; Martine Segalen,
Historical Anthropology of the Family
, trans. J. C. Whitehouse and Sarah Matthews (Cambridge, 1986), 130–131.

35.
Flandrin, “Repression,” 35–36; John R. Gillis,
For Better, For Worse: British Marriages, 1600 to the Present
(New York, 1985), 30–31; Moryson,
Unpublished Itinerary
, 385.

36.
Jollie’s Sketch of Cumberland Manners and Customs
... (1811; rpt. edn., Beckermet, Eng., 1974), 40; Bernard Capp,
English Almanacs, 1500–1800: Astrology and the Popular Press
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1979), 122.

37.
Feb. 8, 1779, Sanger,
Journal
, 29; Farmer, ed.,
Songs and Ballads
, IV, 220–222.

38.
Bräker,
Life
, 96; Rice, Jr., and Brown, trans. and eds.,
Rochambeau’s Army
, I, 245; Baker,
Folklore and Customs of Rural England
, 139;
Les Nuits d’Épreuve
, 9; Sara F. Matthews Grieco, “The Body, Appearance, and Sexuality,” in
HWW
III, 69; Stone,
Family
, 607; Gillis,
British Marriages
, 30; Shorter,
Family
, 103.

39.
Cereta,
Collected Letters of a Renaissance Feminist
, ed. Diana Maury Robin (Chicago, 1997), 34.

40.
Leo P. McCauley, S. J. and Anthony A. Stephenson, trans.,
The Works of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem
(Washington, D.C., 1969), I, 188;
Another Collection of Philosophical Conferences of the French Virtuosi of France
... , trans. G. Havers and J. Davies (London, 1665), 316–317; Daniello Bartoli,
La Ricreazione del Savio
(Parma, 1992), 192–193.

41.
Burton E. Stevenson,
The Home Book of Proverbs, Maxims and Familiar Phrases
(New York, 1948), 1686; Lucien Febvre,
Life in Renaissance France
, ed. and trans. Marion Rothstein (Cambridge, Mass., 1977), 34–36;
ODNB
, s.v. “Elizabeth Carter” and “John Scott”; Cecile M. Jagodzinski,
Privacy and Print: Reading and Writing in Seventeenth-Century England
(Charlottesville, Va., 1999), 13; Raffaella Sarti,
Europe at Home: Family and Material Culture, 1500–1800
, trans. Allan Cameron (New Haven, 2002), 138–139.

42.
William Davenant,
The Works
... (London, 1673); Roger Chartier, “The Practical Impact of Writing,” in
HPL
III, 111–124.

43.
J. R. Hale,
Machiavelli and Renaissance Italy
(London, 1972), 112; Chartier, “Writing,” 124–157; Jagodzinski,
Privacy and Print
, 2–6; Anthony Grafton, “The Humanist as Reader,” in Guglielmo Cavallo and Roger Chartier,
A History of Reading in the West
, trans. Lydia G. Cochrane (Amherst, Mass., 1999), 179–181.

44.
May 19, 1667, Pepys,
Diary
, VIII, 223, X, 34–39; Nov. 4, 1624, Beck,
Diary
, 199–200, passim; Canon, Diary, 41, 56; Blaak, “Reading and Writing,” 64–76, 83–87.

45.
Apr. 27, 1706, Cowper,
Diary
, passim; Jagodzinski,
Privacy and Print
, 20, 25–43; François Lebrun, “The Two Reformations: Communal Devotion and Personal Piety” and Chartier, “Writing,” in
HPL
III, 96–104, 130–134.

46.
Yehonatan Eibeshitz,
Yearot Devash
(Jerusalem, 2000), 371; Rabbi Aviel, ed.
Mishnah Berurah: Laws Concerning Miscellaneous Blessings, the Minchah Service, the Ma’ariv Service and Evening Conduct
... (Jerusalem, 1989), 413; Salo Wittmayer Baron,
The Jewish Community: Its History and Structure to the American Revolution
(Westport, Ct., 1972), II, 169, 176, III, 163.

47.
Thomas Wright,
Autobiography
.
. . 1736–1797
(London, 1864), 24; Steven Ozment,
Three Behaim Boys Growing Up in Early Modern Germany: A Chronicle of Their Lives
(New Haven, 1990), 103; Alexander Teixeira de Mattos, trans.,
The Memoirs of François René Vicomte de Chateaubriand
... (New York, 1902), I, 54.

48.
Dec. 31, 1666, Pepys,
Diary
, VII, 426, X, 174–176, passim; Apr. 26, 1740, Kay,
Diary
, 34.

49.
Tilley,
Proverbs in England
, 79; Jan. 2, 1624, Beck,
Diary
, 27–28, passim; Cereta,
Letters
, ed. Robin, 101, 31–32, passim; Lorraine Reams, “Night Thoughts: The Waking of the Soul: The Nocturnal Contemplations of Love, Death, and the Divine in the Eighteenth-Century and Nineteenth-Century French Epistolary Novel and
Roman-Mémoire
” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of North Carolina or Chapel Hill, 2000), 138; William Riley Parker,
Milton: A Biography
(Oxford, 1968), I, 578, II, 710; Blaak, “Reading and Writing,” 79–87; Chartier, “Writing,” Madeleine Foisil, “The Literature of Intimacy,” and Jean Marie Goulemont, “Literary Practices: Publicizing the Private,” in
HPL
III, 115–117, 157–159, 327–332, 380–383.

50.
Henry Halford Vaughan, ed.,
Welsh Proverbs with English Translations
(1889; rpt. edn., Detroit, 1969), 94; Michael J. Mikos, ed.,
Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology
(Columbus, Ohio, 1995), 168;
RB
, I, 84.

CHAPTER EIGHT

1.
Shakespeare,
Antony and Cleopatra
, III, 13, 184–187.

2.
Verdon,
Night
, 127–131; Pierre Jonin, “L’Espace et le Temps de la Nuit dans les Romans de Chrètiens de Troyes,”
Mélanges de Langue et de Littérature Médiévales Offerts à Alice Planche
48 (1984), 242–246; Gary Cross,
A Social History of Leisure Since 1600
(State College, Pa., 1990), 17–18.

3.
Edward Ward,
The London Spy
(1709; rpt. edn., New York, 1985), 43; Koslofsky, “Court Culture,” 745–748; Thomas D’Urfey,
The Two Queens of Brentford
(London, 1721);
Another Collection of Philosophical Conferences of the French Virtuosi
... , trans. G. Havers and J. Davies (London, 1665), 419; Schindler,
Rebellion
, 194–195.

4.
Diary of Robert Moody, 1660–1663, Rawlinson Coll. D. 84, Bodl.; Marie-Claude Canova-Green,
Benserade Ballets pour Louis XIV
(Paris, 1997), 93–160.

5.
Ben Sedgley,
Observations on Mr. Fielding’s Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers
... (London, 1751), 8; “A Short Account, by Way of Journal, of What I Observed Most Remarkable in My Travels ... ,” June 2, 1697, Historical Manuscripts Commission.
, 8
th
Report
, Part 1 (1881), 99–100; Marcelin Defourneaux,
Daily Life in Spain: The Golden Age
, trans. Newton Branch (New York, 1971), 70–71; Koslofsky, “Court Culture,” 745–748; Thomas Burke,
English Night-Life: From Norman Curfew to Present Black-Out
(New York, 1971), 11–22.

6.
Tobias George Smollet,
Humphry Clinker
, ed. James L. Thorson (New York, 1983), I, 87; P. Brydone,
A Tour through Sicily and Malta
... (London, 1773), II, 87–90; Remarks 1717, 56; Sedgley,
Observations
, 8;
The Memoirs of Charles-Lewis, Baron de Pollnitz
... (London, 1739), I, 222; Burke,
Night-Life
, 23–70, passim.

7.
US and WJ
, Feb. 28, 1730; Vanessa Harding,
The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670
(Cambridge, 2002), 197, passim; Craig M. Koslofsky,
The Reformation of the Dead: Death and Ritual in Early Modern Germany, 1450–1700
(New York, 2000), 138, 133–152, passim; Clare Gittings,
Death, Burial and the Individual in Early Modern England
(London, 1984), 188–200.

8.
Richards,
The Tragedy of Messallina
(London, 1640).

9.
Walter R. Davis, ed.,
The Works of Thomas Campion
... (New York, 1967), 147; Terry Castle, “The Culture of Travesty: Sexuality and Masquerade in Eighteenth-Century England,” in G. S. Rousseau and Roy Porter, eds.,
Sexual Underworlds of the Englightenment
(Manchester, 1987), 158; Terry Castle,
Masquerade and Civilization: The Carnivalesque in Eighteenth-Century English Culture and Fiction
(Stanford, Calif., 1986).

10.
The Rich Cabinet
... (London, 1616), fo. 20; Sara Mendelson, “The Civility of Women in Seventeenth-Century England,” in Peter Burke et al., eds.,
Civil Histories: Essays Presented to Sir Keith Thomas
(Oxford, 2000), 114; Stephen J. Greenblatt,
Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare
(Chicago, 1980).

11.
Castle,
Masquerade
, 25, 1–109, passim; Castle, “Culture of Travesty,” 166–167;
HMM and GA
, Jan. 28, 1755.

12.
Castle,
Masquerade
, 73, 1–109, passim; “W.Z.,”
GM
41 (1771), 404;
WJ
, May 16, 1724;
Occasional Poems, Very Seasonable and Proper for the Present Times
... (London, 1726), 5; Amanda Vickery,
The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England
(New Haven, 1998), 243.

13.
Castle,
Masquerade
, 73, 1–109, passim; Nancy Lyman Roelker, ed. and trans.,
The Paris of Henry of Navarre, as Seen by Pierre de l’Estoile: Selections from His Mémoires-Journaux
(Cambridge, Mass., 1958), 58; Bulstrode Whitelock,
The Third Charge
... (London, 1723), 21.

14.
Henry Alexander, trans.,
Four Plays by Holberg
(Princeton, N.J., 1946), 171.

15.
Goffe,
The Raging Turk
(London, 1631).

16.
Alexander Hamilton,
Gentleman’s Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton, 1744
, ed. Carl Bridenbaugh (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1948), 177;
PG
, Dec. 23, 1762.

17.
Douglas Grant, ed.,
The Poetical Works of Charles Churchill
(Oxford, 1956), 52, 55; John S. Farmer, ed.,
Merry Songs and Ballads prior to the Year
a.d.
1800
(New York, 1964), III, 67; Anna Bryson,
From Courtesy to Civility: Changing Codes of Conduct in Early Modern England
(Oxford, 1998), 245, 246–275, passim.

18.
May 31, 1706, Cowper, Diary;
The Works of Mr. Thomas Brown in Prose and Verse
... (London, 1708), III, 3; S. Johnson,
London: A Poem
... (London, 1739), 17;
US
and
WJ
, Apr. 11, 1730; Bryson,
Courtesy to Civility
, 248–249; Vickery,
Daughter
, 213–214; G.J. Barker-Benfield,
The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain
(Chicago, 1992), 50–51.

19.
Elborg Forster, ed. and trans.,
A Woman’s Life in the Court of the Sun King: Letters of Liselotte von der Pfalz, 1652–1722
(Baltimore, 1984), 219; M. Dreux du Radier,
Essai Historique, Critique, Philologuique, Politique, Moral, Litteraire et Galant, sur les Lanternes
... (Paris, 1755), 92–96; Jeffry Kaplow,
The Names of Kings: The Parisian Laboring Poor in the Eighteenth Century
(New York, 1972), 106.

20.
Oct. 10, 1764, Frederick A. Pottle, ed.,
Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany and Switzerland, 1764
(New York, 1953), 135; June 4, 1763, Frederick A. Pottle, ed.,
Boswell’s London Journal, 1762–1763
(New York, 1950), 272–273, 264 n.1, passim; Craig Harline and Eddy Put,
A Bishop’s Tale: Matthias Hovius Among His Flock in Seventeenth-Century Flanders
(New Haven, 2000), 253–254; John Owen,
Travels into Different Parts of Europe, in the Years 1791 and 1792
... (London, 1796), II, 85.

21.
Sara Mendelson and Patricia Crawford,
Women in Early Modern England, 1550–1720
(Oxford, 1998), 109; Jerome Nadelhaft, “The Englishwoman’s Sexual Civil War: Feminist Attitudes towards Men, Women, and Marriage, 1650–1740,”
Journal of the History of Ideas
43 (1982), 573, 576; Linda Pollock, “‘Teach Her to Live under Obedience’: The Making of Women in the Upper Ranks of Early Modern England,”
Continuity and Change
4 (1989), 231–258.