At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (67 page)

25.
Hardy,
The Life and Death of the Mayor of Casterbridge: A Story of a Man of Character
(New York, 1984), 307.

26.
Erskine Beveridge, comp., and J. D. Westwood, ed.,
Fergusson’s Scottish Proverbs
... (Edinburgh, 1924), 39; Legg,
Low-Life
, 21; Bargellini, “Vita Notturna,” 83; F. Platter,
Journal
, 89–90; Fernando de Rojas,
The Celestina: A Novel in Dialogue
, trans. Lesley Byrd Simpson (Berkeley, Calif., 1971), 81; Ernest A. Gray, ed.,
The Diary of a Surgeon in the Year 1751–1752
(New York, 1937), 74–75;
WJ
, Mar. 20, 1725.

27.
Laura Gowing, “‘The Freedom of the Streets’: Women and Social Space, 1560–1640,” in Mark S. R. Jenner and Paul Griffiths, eds.,
Londinopolis: Essays in the Cultural and Social History of Early Modern London
(Manchester, 2000), 143; Linda A. Pollock, “Parent-Child Relations,” in
FLEMT
, 215–217; Alan Williams,
The Police of Paris, 1718–1789
(Baton Rouge, 1979), 196; Jane Brewerton, Feb. 29, 1760, Assi 45/26/4/6.

28.
Jan. 23, 1574, I. H. Van Eeghen, ed.,
Dagboek Van Broeder Wouter Jacobsz (Gaultherus Jacobi Masius Prior Van Stein: Amsterdam, 1572–1578, En Montfoort, 1578–1579)
(Gronningen, Neth., 1959), 359.

29.
Thomas Dekker,
The Seven Deadly Sinnes of London
, ed. H.F.B. Brett-Smith (New York, 1922), 41; Nicolas-Edme Restif de la Bretonne,
Les Nuits de Paris or the Nocturnal Spectator
(New York, 1964), 68;
Select Trials
, II, 11; Legg,
Low-Life
, 100; Wilson,
English Proverbs
, 542;
OED
, s.v. “flitting.”

30.
Dekker,
Writings
, 230; Richard Head,
The Canting Academy; or Villanies Discovered
... (London, 1674), 37, 40; Roger B. Manning,
Village Revolts: Social Protest and Popular Disturbances in England, 1509–1640
(Oxford, 1988), 173; Gilbert Slater,
The English Peasantry and the Enclosure of Common Fields
(1907; rpt. edn., New York, 1968), 119–120; Hugh Evans,
The Gorse Glen
, trans. E. Morgan Humphreys (Liverpool, 1948), 70.

31.
Carol F. Karlsen,
The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England
(New York, 1987), 159; Alan Taylor, “The Early Republic’s Supernatural Economy: Treasure Seeking in the American Northeast, 1780–1830,”
American Quarterly
38 (1986), 6–34 (I want to thank Alan Taylor for providing me with a copy of his article); William W. Hagen,
Ordinary Prussians: Brandenburg, Junkers and Villagers, 1500–1840
(Cambridge, 2002), 479; W. R. Jones, “‘Hill-Diggers’ and ‘Hell-Raisers’: Treasure Hunting and the Supernatural in Old and New England,” in Peter Benes, ed.,
Wonders of the Invisible World: 1600–1900
(Boston, 1995), 97–106. See also Benjamin Franklin,
Writings
, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay (New York, 1987), 113–115.

32.
PA
, Jan. 3, 1786; Rose, ed.,
Slavery
, 460; Malcolm Letts, “Johannes Butzbach, a Wandering Scholar of the Fifteenth Century,”
English Historical Review
32 (1917), 31; Thomas,
Relgion and the Decline of Magic
, 506–523; H. C. Erik Midelfort, “Were There Really Witches,” in Robert M. Kingdon, ed.,
Transition and Revolution: Problems and Issues of European Renaissance and Reformation History
(Minneapolis, 1974), 198–199; David Thomas Konig,
Law and Society in Puritan Massachusetts: Essex County, 1629–1692
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1979), 145–179, passim.

33.
Karlsen,
Shape of a Woman
, 140;
SWP
, II, 413;
NHTR
, II, 130–131.

34.
Pinkerton,
Travels
, III, 316;
Carmina Medii Aevi
(Torino, 1961), 35; Jütte,
Poverty
, 152–153. See also
Letters from Barbary, France, Spain, Portugal
... (London, 1788), II, 113.

35.
June 2, 1663, Pepys,
Diary
, IV, 171; Beattie,
Crime
, 173–175. See also Best,
Books
, 35.

36.
Domestic Management, or the Art of Conducting a Family; with Instructions to Servants in General
(London, 1740), 59; Pinkerton,
Travels
, III, 316; Mar. 22, 1770, Carter,
Diary
, I, 372; John Greaves Nall, ed.,
Etymological and Comparative Glossary of the Dialect of East Anglia
(London, 1866), 521; William Hector, ed.,
Selections from the Judicial Records of Renfrewshire
... (Paisley, Scot., 1876), 203–204.

37.
Newton D. Mereness, ed.,
Travels in the American Colonies, 1690–1783
(New York, 1916), 592, 606–607; John C. Fitzpatrick, ed.,
The Writings of George Washington
(Washington, D.C., 1939), XXXII, 264; Richard Parkinson,
The Experienced Farmer’s Tour in America
(London, 1805), 446–447; James M. Rosenheim, ed.,
The Notebook of Robert Doughty, 1662–1665
(Norfolk, 1989), 39; Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint
, passim.

38.
Manning,
Village Revolts
, 296, 284–305, passim; Rachel N. Klein, “Ordering the Backcountry: The South Carolina Regulation,”
WMQ
, 3
rd
Ser., 38 (1981), 671–672.

39.
Robert Bell,
Early Ballads
... (London, 1889), 436–437; David Davies,
The Case of Labourers in Husbandry
... (Dublin, 1796), 77; Spike Mays,
Reuben’s Corner
(London, 1969), 197; Frank McLynn,
Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England
(London, 1989), 172–197. See also
Walker’s Hibernian Magazine,
April 1792, 296.

40.
LEP
, Oct. 5, 1738; Arthur Walter Slater, ed.,
Autobiographical Memoir of Joseph Jewell, 1763–1846
(London, 1964), 134; Cal Winslow, “Sussex Smugglers,” in Douglas Hay et al., eds.,
Albion’s Fatal Tree: Crime and Society in Eighteenth-Century England
(New York, 1975), 119–166; Hufton,
Poor of Eighteenth-Century France
, 284–305.

41.
Defoe,
Tour
, I, 123;
OED
, s.v. “owler”; McLynn,
Crime and Punishment
, 177; Burton E. Stevenson,
The Home Book of Proverbs
,
Maxims and Familiar Phrases
(New York, 1948), 1623; Eric Partridge, ed.,
A Dictionary of the Underworld
... (New York, 1950),449; Dec. 13, 1794, Woodforde,
Diary
, IV, 160, passim; Slater, ed.,
Jewell Memoir
, 135; “Extract of a Letter from Orford,”
LC
, March 23, 1782; John Kelso Hunter,
The Retrospect of an Artist’s Life: Memorials of West Countrymen and Manners of the Past Half Century
(Kilmarnock, Scot., 1912), 42.

42.
T.J.A. Le Goff and D.M.G. Sutherland, “The Revolution and the Rural Community in Eighteenth-Century Brittany,”
PP
62 (1974), 100; Jütte,
Poverty
, 153–156. In contrast to smuggling, “wrecking,” whereby shipwrecked vessels were pillaged by coastal inhabitants, was not, exclusively, a nocturnal crime. Despite occasional allegations that false lights at night were displayed ashore to lure ships aground, the evidence for this is scanty. Otherwise, plunderers looted wrecks as soon as they could, whatever the hour. See “An Act for Enforcing the Laws Against Persons Who Shall Steal or Detain Shipwrecked Goods ... ,” 26 George II c.19; W. H. Porter,
A Fenman’s Story
(London, 1965), 129; John G. Rule, “Wrecking and Coastal Plunder,” in Hay et al., eds.,
Albion’s Fatal Tree
, 180–181.

43.
Tobias Smollett,
Travels through France and Italy
(Oxford, 1979), 215; Cannon, Diary, 183;
OBP
, Sept. 18, 1752, 244; Richard Jefferson, Oct. 16, 1734, Assi 45/20/1/9; D. R. Hainsworth,
Stewards, Lords, and People: The Estate Steward and His World in Later Stuart England
(Cambridge, 1992), 208–209; Jim Bullock,
Bowers Row: Recollections of a Mining Village
(Wakefield, Eng., 1976), 163; Douglas Hay, “Poaching and the Game Laws on Canock Chase,” in Hay et al., eds.,
Albion’s Fatal Tree
, 201–202; Manning,
Village Revolts
, 293; Douglas Hay “War, Dearth and Theft in the Eighteenth Century: The Record of the English Courts,”
PP
95 (1982), 117–160. As E. P. Thompson put it, “The same man who touches his forelock to the squire by day—and who goes down to history as an example of deference—may kill his sheep, snare his pheasants or poison his dogs at night” (
Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture
[New York, 1991], 66).

44.
Robert M. Isherwood,
Farce and Fantasy: Popular Entertainment in Eighteenth-Century Paris
(New York, 1986), 208; Roger Thompson,
Unfit for Modest Ears: A Study of Pornographic, Obscene and Bawdy Works Written or Published in England in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century
(Totowa, N.J., 1979), 59; Alexander Hamilton,
Gentleman’s Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton, 1744
, ed. Carl Bridenbaugh (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1948), 46; “T.S.C.P.,”
PA
, Nov. 13, 1767; Kathryn Norberg, “Prostitutes,” in
HWW
III, 459–474.

45.
Helen Langdon,
Caravaggio: A Life
(New York, 1999), 144; Ferrante Pallavicino,
The Whores Rhetorick .
. . (London, 1683), 144;
OBP
, passim; Norberg, “Prostitutes,” 462, 472–474.

46.
OBP
, Dec. 7–12, 1743, 13, Dec. 9–11, 1747, 15; J. M. Beattie, “The Criminality of Women in Eighteenth-Century England,”
JSH
8 (1975), 90.

47.
Koslofsky, “Court Culture,” 759; Fréderique Pitou, “Jeunesse et Désordre Social: Les ‘Coureurs de Nuit’ à Laval au XVIIIe Siècle,”
Revue d’Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine
47 (2000), 69; Ferdinando Bottarelli,
The New Italian, English and French Pocket-Dictionary
... (London, 1795), I; S.A.H. Burne, ed.,
The Staffordshire Quarter Sessions Rolls, 1581–[1606]
(Kendall, Eng., 1940), V, 238;
PA
, July 30, 1762; Davenant,
Works
;
The Acts and Resolves, Public and Private, of the Province of Massachusetts Bay
(Boston, 1881), III, 647; Daniel Fabre, “Families: Privacy versus Custom,” in
HPL
III, 546–561.

48.
Schindler,
Rebellion
, 210; Matthiessen,
Natten
, 137; Rudolf Braun,
Industrialization and Everyday Life
, trans. Sarah Hanbury Tension (Cambridge, 1990), 84;
Minutes of the Common Council of the City of Philadelphia, 1704–1776
(Philadelphia, 1847), 405; J. R. Ward, “A Planter and His Slaves in Eighteenth-Century Jamaica,” in T. C. Smout, ed.,
The Search for Wealth and Stability: Essays in Economic and Social History Presented to M. W. Flinn
(London, 1979), 19.

49.
HMM and GA
, Mar. 10, 1752; Koslofsky, “Court Culture,” 760; Pitou, “Coureurs de Nuit,” 72, 82–84; Elisabeth Crouzet-Pavan, “Potere Politico e Spazio Sociale,” in Mario Sbriccoli, ed.,
La Notte: Ordine, Sicurezza e Disciplinamento in Età Moderna
(Florence, 1991), 61; Maurice Andrieux,
Daily Life in Venice in the Time of Casanova
, trans. Mary Fitton (London, 1972), 29; Elizabeth S. Cohen, “Honor and Gender in the Streets of Early Rome,”
JIH
22 (1992), 597–625; Matthiessen,
Natten
, 129; Schindler, “Youthful Culture,” 258–260; Auguste Philippe Herlaut, “L’Èclairage des Rues à Paris à la Fin du XVIIe Siècle et au XVIIIe Siècles,”
Mémoire de la Société de l’Histoire de Paris et de l’Ile-de-France
43 (1916), 221–222, 226.

50.
Iona Opie and Moira Tatem, eds.,
A Dictionary of Superstitions
(Oxford, 1989), 142; Washington Irving,
History, Tales and Sketches
, ed. James W. Tuttleton (New York, 1983), 1071–1072; Darryl Ogier, “Night Revels and Werewolfery in Calvinist Guernsey,”
Folklore
109 (1998), 56–57; Lavater,
Spirites
, 21–22; A.Voisin, “Notes sur la Vie Urbaine au XV. Siècle: Dijon la Nuit,”
Annales de Bourgogne
9 (1937), 271.

51.
D. M. Ogier,
Reformation and Society in Guernsey
(Rochester, N.Y., 1996), 137; Apr. 30, 1673, Isham,
Diary
, 207; Pavan, “
Nuit Vénitienne
,” 345; Muchembled,
Violence
, 124.

52.
Schindler, “Youthful Culture,” 275; Evelyn,
Diary
, II, 472; Mar. 25, 1668, Pepys,
Diary
, IX, 133.

53.
Moryson,
Itinerary
, IV, 373; Hannah Miurk[?], Feb. 28, 1677, Suffolk Court Files #1549, Suffolk County Court House, Boston; Janekovick-Römer, “Dubrovniks,” 103; Koslofsky, “Court Culture,” 755; Jacques Rossiaud, “Prostitution, Youth, and Society,” in Robert Forster and Orest Ranum, eds.,
Deviants and the Abandoned in French Society: Selections from the Annales Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations
, trans. Elborg Forster and Patricia Ranum (Baltimore, 1978), 12–13; Aug. 16, 1624, Beck,
Diary
, 152; T. Platter,
Journal
, 249; George Huppert,
After the Black Death: A Social History of Early Modern Europe
(Bloomington, Ind., 1986), 38.

54.
Fabre, “Families,” 547; Schindler, “Youthful Culture,” 261; Dec. 26, 1718, Lewis, Diary; James R. Farr,
Hands of Honor: Artisans and Their World in Dijon, 1550–1650
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1988), 211; Muchembled,
Violence
, 124; Pitou, “Coureurs de Nuit,” 73–74. See also Nov. 20, 1680, Heywood,
Diary
, I, 276.