At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (68 page)

55.
Eli Faber, “The Evil That Men Do: Crime and Transgression in Colonial Massachusetts” (Ph.D. diss., Columbia Univ., 1974), 168;
VG
, Aug. 28, 1752;
Boston Gazette
, Jan. 8, 1754; Sept. 6, 1774,
The Journal of Nicholas Cresswell
(New York, 1924), 35;
NYWJ
, May 22, 1738; Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint
, 394–398.

56.
James C. Scott, “Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance,” in James C. Scott and Benedict J. Kerkvliet, eds.,
Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance in South-east Asia
(London, 1986), 6. This is not to deny that celebrations of Carnival stometimes produced unforeseen disorder, especially after nightfall. See Davis,
Society and Culture
, 103–104, 117–119, 122–123; Mikhail Baktin,
Rabelais and His World
, trans. Helene Iswoldky (Cambridge, Mass., 1968).

57.
M. Dorothy George,
London Life in the XVIIIth Century
(London, 1925), 280; Joe Thompson,
The Life and Adventures ...
(London, 1788), I, 93; “Advice to Apprentices,”
Walker’s Hibernian Magazine
(1791), 151; Awnsham Churchill, comp.,
A Collection of Voyages and Travels ..
.
(London, 1746), VI, 542; Philip D. Morgan, “Black Life in Eighteenth-Century Charleston,”
Perspectives in American History
, New Ser., 1 (1984), 324–325; Fabre, “Families,” 550, 548.

58.
Pitou, “Coureurs de Nuit,” 88;
A Report of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston, Containing the Selectmen’s Minutes from 1764 to 1768
(Boston, 1889), 100;
OED
, s.v. “scour”; Burne, ed.,
Staffordshire Quarter Sessions
, V, 238. See also Matthiessen,
Natten
, 137–139; “John Blunt,”
G and NDA
, Oct. 31, 1765.

59.
George,
London Life
, 400 n. 101;
OBP
, Sept. 7, 1737, 187, 190.

60.
Defoe,
Tour
, I, 123; Robert Semple,
Observations on a Journey through Spain and Italy to Naples ...
(London, 1807), II, 218.

61.
F. G. Emmison,
Elizabethan Life: Disorder
(Chelmsford, Eng., 1970), 245; Ann Kussmaul, ed.,
The Autobiography of Joseph Mayett of Quainton (1783–1839)
(London, 1979), 14–15.

62.
V. S. Naipaul,
The Loss of El Dorado: A History
(London, 1969), 251–257; Davis,
Society and Culture
, 97–123; Bernard Capp, “English Youth Groups and ‘The Pinder of Wakefield,
’
”
PP
76 (1977), 128–129; Giffiths,
Youth
, 169–175; Janekovick-Römer, “Dubrovniks,” 110; Ilana Krausman Ben-Amos,
Adolescence and Youth in Early Modern England
(New Haven, 1994), 176–177. For the concept of “overlapping sub-cultures,” see Bob Scribner, “Is a History of Popular Culture Possible?,”
History of European Ideas
10 (1989), 184–185; David Underdown, “Regional Cultures? Local Variations in Popular Culture during the Early Modern Period,” in Tim Harris, ed.,
Popular Culture in England
,
c. 1500–1800
(New York, 1995), 29.

63.
Jütte,
Poverty
, 180–185; Schindler,
Rebellion
, 275;
The Honour of London Apprentices: Exemplified, in a Brief Historicall Narration
(London, 1647); Richard Mowery Andrews,
Law, Magistracy, and Crime in Old Regime Paris, 1735–1789
(Cambridge, 1994), 521–535; “A Constant Correspondent,”
PA
, Apr. 22, 1763; Dekker,
Writings
, 187–191; Schindler, “Youthful Culture,” 248–249; A. L. Beier,
Masterless Men: The Vagrancy Problem in England, 1560–1640
(London, 1985), 125–126.

64.
Torriano,
Proverbi Italiani
, 34; Robert W. Malcolmson,
Popular Recreations in English Society, 1700–1850
(Cambridge, 1973), 75.

65.
Marston,
The Malcontent
, ed. M. L. Wine (Lincoln, Neb., 1964), 64.

66.
Griffiths,
Youth
, 151–152; Davis,
Society and Culture
, 104–123; Fabre, “Families,” 533–556, passim; Thompson,
Customs in Common
, 467–533; Burke,
Popular Culture
, 199–201.

67.
Fabre, “Families,” 555–566;
The Libertine’s Choice ..
.
(London, 1704), 14–15; F. Platter,
Journal
, 172; Schindler, “Youthful Culture,” 252–253; Giffiths,
Youth
, 397.

68.
American Weekly Mercury
(Philadelphia), Oct. 21, 1736; John Brewer,
Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George III
(Cambridge, 1976), 186–188; Stanley H. Palmer,
Police and Protest in England and Ireland, 1780–1850
(Cambridge, 1988), 129–130.

69.
Jean Delumeau,
Sin and Fear: The Emergence of a Western Guilt Culture, 13
th
–18
th
Centuries
, trans. Eric Nicholson (New York, 1990), 128; Muchembled,
Violence
, 241; Malcolmson,
Recreations
, 60–61, 75–76, 81–84; Burke,
Popular Culture
, 190, 201–203.

70.
Bourne,
Antiquitates Vulgares
, 229–230; Henry Fielding,
An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers and Related Writings
, ed. Malvin R. Zirker (Middletown, Ct., 1988), 81; Stephen Duck,
Poems on Several Occasions
(London, 1736), 27.

71.
Parkinson,
Farmer’s Tour
, 440;
G and NDA
, Sept. 15, 1767; Paul S. Seaver, “Declining Status in an Aspiring Age: The Problem of the Gentle Apprentice in Seventeenth-Century London,” in Bonnelyn Young Kunze and Dwight D. Brautigam, eds.,
Court, Country and Culture: Essays on Early Modern British History in Honor of Perez Zagorin
(Rochester, N.Y., 1992), 139–140; Dekker,
Writings
, 173.

72.
Oct. 13, 1703, May 20, 21, 1704, Jan. 27, 1707, Cowper, Diary; Oct. 15, 1780, Nov. 25, 1782, Woodforde,
Diary
, I, 293, II, 45; Carter,
Diary
, I, 359; Henry Wakefield, Aug. 4, 1729, Assi 45/18/7/1; Eric Robinson, ed.,
John Clare’s Autobiographical Writings
(Oxford, 1983), 62.

73.
Robinson, ed.,
Clare’s Autobiographical Writings
, 167;
OBP
, Oct. 16, 1723, 7; May 24, 1711, Cowper, Diary; Marybeth Carlson, “Domestic Service in a Changing City Economy: Rotterdam, 1680–1780” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Wisconsin, 1993), 132; Fairchilds,
Domestic Enemies
, 209; Patricia S. Seleski, “The Women of the Laboring Poor: Love, Work and Poverty in London, 1750–1820” (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ., 1989), 89.

74.
Jan., 24, 1770, Carter,
Diary
, I, 348; Fitzpatrick, ed.,
Washington Writings
, XXXII, 246, XXXIII, 369, 444; Gladys-Marie Fry,
Night Riders in Black Folk History
(Knoxville, Tenn., 1975), 60–73; Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint
, 524–526.

75.
Griffiths,
Youth
, 78; Manning,
Village Revolts
, 72–73, 97, 197, 207; Mihoko Suzuki, “The London Apprentice Riots of the 1590s and the Fiction of Thomas Deloney,”
Criticism
38 (1996), 181–182; Matthiessen,
Natten
, 139; Thomas Willard Robisheaux,
Rural Society and the Search for Order in Early Modern Germany
(Cambridge, 1989), 119; Koslofsky, “Court Culture,” 759; Martina Orosová, “Bratislavskí Zobráci V 18. Storocí,”
Slovenska Archivistika
34 (1999), 95; Faber, “Evil That Men Do,” 169–171; William M. Wiecek, “The Statutory Law of Slavery and Race in the Thirteen Mainland Colonies of British America,”
WMQ
, 3
rd
Ser., 34 (1977), 272; Carl Bridenbaugh,
Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban Life in America, 1625–1742
(Oxford, 1971), 219.

76.
WJ
, Apr. 20, 1723;
Life of Michael Martin, Who Was Executed for Highway Robbery, December 20, 1821
(Boston, 1821), 6–7; Keith Lindley,
Fenland Riots and the English Revolution
(London, 1982), passim; Manning,
Village Revolts
, 217–218;
G and NDA
, Aug. 24, Sept. 9, 13, 1769; J. R. Dinwiddy, “The ‘Black Lamp’ in Yorkshire, 1801–1802,”
PP
64 (1974), 118–119; Assi 45/25/2/30;
Whitehall Evening-Post
(London), Aug. 3, 1749; Andrew Barrett and Christopher Harrison, eds.,
Crime and Punishment in England: A Sourcebook
(London, 1999), 169–170.

77.
E. P. Thompson, “The Crime of Anonymity,” in Hay et al., eds.,
Albion’s Fatal Tree
, 278; Thomas D. Morris,
Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996), 330–332; Bob Scribner, “The Mordbrenner Fear,” in Richard J. Evans, ed.,
The German Underworld: Deviants and Outcasts in German History
(London, 1988), 29–56; Penny Roberts, “Arson, Conspiracy and Rumor in Early Modern Europe,”
Continuity and Change
12 (1997), 9–29; André Abbiateci, “Arsonists in Eighteenth-Century France: An Essay in the Typology of Crime,” in Forster and Ranum, eds.,
Deviants and the Abandoned
, trans. Forster and Ranum, 157–179; Bernard Capp, “Arson, Threats of Arson, and Incivility in Early Modern England,” in Peter Burke et al., eds.,
Civil Histories: Essays Presented to Sir Keith Thomas
(Oxford, 2000), 199–200.

78.
Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint
, 309; Kenneth Scott, “The Slave Insurrection in New York,”
New York Historical Quarterly
45 (1961), 43–74; Rose, ed.,
Slavery
, 99–101, 104, 109–113; Michael Craton,
Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1982), passim; Wood,
Black Majority
, 308–326; James Sidbury,
Ploughshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion, and Identity in Gabriel’s Virginia, 1730–1810
(New York, 1997); David Barry Gaspar,
Bondmen & Rebels: A Study of Master-Slave Relations in Antigua
(Baltimore, 1985), 222; Elsa V. Goveia,
Slave Society in the British Leeward Islands at the End of the Eighteenth Century
(Westport, Ct., 1980), 184; Beckles,
Black Rebellion
, passim; Gwendolyn Midlo Hall,
Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century
(Baton Rouge, 1992), 354–355.

79.
Lindley,
Fenland Riots
, 179; E. P. Thompson,
The Making of the English Working Class
(New York, 1964), 559, 565; Gaspar,
Bondmen & Rebels
, 246–247; Craton,
Testing the Chains
, 122–123; Scott, “Slave Insurrection in New York,” 47; James S. Donnelly Jr., “The Whiteboy Movement, 1761–5,”
Irish Historical Studies
21 (1978), 23; Peter Sahlins,
Forest Rites: The War of the Demoiselles in Nineteenth-Century France
(Cambridge, Mass., 1994), 42–47.

PART FOUR

PRELUDE

1.
Geoffrey Keynes, ed.,
The Works of Sir Thomas Browne
(London, 1931), III, 230.

2.
Alastair Fowler, ed.,
The New Oxford Book of Seventeenth Century Verse
(Oxford, 1991), 416; Stanley Coren,
Sleep Thieves: An Eye-Opening Exploration into the Science and Mysteries of Sleep
(New York, 1996), 9; “Why Did the Caveman Sleep? (Not Just Because He Was Tired),”
Psychology Today
16 (March 1982), 30; Burton E. Stevenson, ed.,
The Home Book of Proverbs, Maxims and Familiar Phrases
(New York, 1948), 1685; Carol M. Worthman and Melissa K. Melby, “Toward a Comparative Ecology of Human Sleep,” in Mary A. Carskadon, ed.,
Adolescent Sleep Patterns: Biological, Social and Psychological Influences
(Cambridge, 2002), 102–103.

3.
Thomas Cogan,
The Haven of Health
(London, 1588), 233; [Joseph Hall],
The Discovery of a New World
(Amsterdam, 1969), 219–244.

4.
The Adventurer
, Mar. 20, 1753, 229; Craig Tomlinson, “G. C. Lichtenberg: Dreams, Jokes, and the Unconscious in Eighteenth-Century Germany,”
Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
40 (1992), 781. Other than Francis Bacon, who projected a history of sleep, most ardent in highlighting the importance of historical research has been George Steiner. Studies of sleep, Steiner has argued, “would be as essential, if not more so, to our grasp of the evolution of mores and sensibilities as are the histories of dress, of eating, of child-care, of mental and physical infirmity, which social historians and the
historiens des mentalités
are at last providing for us”
No Passion Spent: Essays 1978–1996
[London, 1996], 211–212). More recently, Daniel Roche has implored, “Let us dream of a social history of sleep” (
Consumption
, 182). Historical accounts of dreams have included Peter Burke, “L’Histoire Sociale des Rêves,”
Annales Economies, Sociétés
,
Civilisations
28 (1973), 329–342; Richard L. Kagan,
Lucrecia’s Dreams: Politics and Prophecy in Sixteenth-Century Spain
(Berkeley, Calif., 1990); Steven F. Kruger,
Dreaming in the Middle Ages
(Cambridge, 1992); Carole Susan Fungaroli, “Landscapes of Life: Dreams in Eighteenth-Century British Fiction and Contemporary Dream Theory” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Virginia., 1994); S.R.F. Price, “The Future of Dreams: From Freud to Artemidorous,”
PP
113 (1986), 3–37; Manfred Weidhorn,
Dreams in Seventeenth-Century English Literature
(The Hague, 1970); David Shulman and Guy G. Stroumsa, eds.
Dream Cultures: Explorations in the Comparative History of Dreaming
(New York, 1999); Mechal Sobel,
Teach Me Dreams: The Search for Self in the Revolutionary Era
(Princeton, N.J., 2000). Attitudes toward sleep, from the ancient world to the twentieth century, are chronicled in Jaume Rosselló Mir et al., “Una Aproximacion Historica al Estudio Cientifico de Sueño: El Periodo Intuitivo el Pre-Cientifico,”
Revista de Historia de la Psicologia
12 (1991), 133–142. For a brief survey of sleep in the Middle Ages, see Verdon,
Night
, 203–217; and for an examination of key medical texts touching on sleep during the early modern era, see Karl H. Dannenfeldt, “Sleep: Theory and Practice in the Late Renaissance,”
Journal of the History of Medicine
41 (1986), 415–441. More recently, Phillipe Martin has analyzed the attitudes of Catholic authors toward sleep during the eighteenth century. “Corps en Repos ou Corps en Danger? Le Sommeil dans les Livres de Piété (Seconde Moitré du XVIIIe Siècle),”
Revue d’Histoire et de Philosophie Religieuses
80 (2000), 255.