Austerity Britain, 1945–51 (100 page)

7.
Muriel Bowmer Papers (Department of Documents, Imperial War Museum), vol 5, fols 1099, 1118; Barbara Pym,
A Very Private Eye
(1984), p 249;
The New Yorker
, 1 Dec 1945; George Beardmore,
Civilians at War
(1984), p 200; Gerard Mooney, ‘Living on the Periphery’ (PhD, University of Glasgow, 1988), p 218.

8.
M-O A, TC 1/9/B; Brenda Vale,
Prefabs
(1995), p 171;
Pilot Papers
(Nov 1946), pp 28–38.

9.
The New Yorker
, 1 Sept 1945; Bowmer, fol 1090; Heap, 31 Dec 1945.

10
. M-O A, FR 2291; Langford, 3 Nov 1945; St John, 8 Nov 1945; King, 9 Nov 1945; Aidan Crawley,
Leap Before You Look
(1988), p 213; Streat, p 325.

11
. Haines, 15 Jan 1946; Hinton, pp 132–4; M-O A, TC 67/6/A; Raynham, 13–15 Mar 1946, 2 Apr 1946.

12. Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska,
Austerity in Britain
(Oxford, 2000), pp 125–6;
The
New Yorker
, 9 Mar 1946; Speed, 7/10–11/26 Apr 1946.

13
. Sylvia Townsend Warner,
Letters
(1982), p 91; Peter Stead, ‘Barry Since 1939’, in Donald Moore (ed),
Barry
(Barry Island, 1985), p 450; Quentin Crisp,
The Naked
Civil Servant
(Fontana edn, 1977), p 173.

14. John Hilton Bureau Papers (Special Collections, University of Sussex), Box 3, Administrative Files, 28 Sept 1945;
The New Yorker
, 17 Nov 1945; Rupert Croft-Cooke,
The Dogs of Peace
(1973), p 22; Hodgson, 29 Apr 1946; M-O A, D 5353, 5 Sept 1945; Zweiniger-Bargielowska,
Austerity
, chap 4 (incl pp 161, 172);
The
New Yorker
, 5 Jan 1946.

15
. Bill Naughton, ‘The Spiv’,
Pilot Papers
(Jan 1946), pp 99–108; Hodson,
Way
, p 159; Turner and Rennell,
Daddy
, p 46.

16
. Loftus, 23 Oct 1945; Hodson,
Way
, p 206; Brown, 1/15, 16 Dec 1945; David Hughes, ‘The Spivs’, in Michael Sissons and Philip French (eds),
Age of Austerity
(Oxford, 1986), p 85;
New Yorker
, 6 Apr 1946; Turner and Rennell,
Daddy
, p 157.

17. Hodson,
Way
, pp 119–20; Reg Green,
National Heroes
(1997), p 144;
New Yorker
, 27 Jul 1946; David Rayvern Allen,
E. W. Swanton: A Celebration
(2000), p 87; Michael Marshall,
Gentlemen and Players
(1987), pp 140–41;
Wisden Cricketers’
Almanack,
1947 (1947), pp 193, 412; Lesley A. Hall,
Sex, Gender and Social Change
in Britain since
1880 (Basingstoke, 2000), p 147; Nick Tiratsoo,
Reconstruction,
Affluence and Labour Politics
(1990), p 50; M-O A, TC 58/1/I.

18
. Speed, 6 Aug 1946; M-O A, TC 49/2/C;
Joyce & Ginnie: The Letters of Joyce Grenfell
and Virginia Graham
(1997), p 143; Raynham, 8 Jun 1946; M-O A, TC 49/2/C.

19
. Asa Briggs,
The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume IV
(Oxford, 1979), pp 197–8, 716, 201.

20.
Coventry Evening Telegraph
, 29 Jun 1946; Hinton, p 135; Haines, 19/20 Jul 1946; Golden, 22 Jul 1946; Speed, 26 Jul 1946; M-O A, TC 67/6/D. Golden,

21
. Speed, 7/13 Jun 1946; Langford, 19 Aug 1946.

22
Private Enterprise
(1947), pp 188–9; David Pryce-Jones, ‘Towards the Cocktail Party’, in Sissons and French,
Austerity
, p 203.

23.
Sunday Pictorial
, 7/21 Jul 1946; James Hinton, ‘Self-help and Socialism’,
History
Workshop
(Spring 1988), pp 100–26;
Pilot Papers
(Nov 1946), pp 16–17, 21;
Evening
Standard
, 13 Sept 1946.

24
. BBC WA,
Woman’s Hour
, 7 Nov 1946; Briggs, p 56; Haines, 12 Nov 1946; BBC WA, R9/9/10 – LR/6869.

25
. Fay Weldon,
Auto da Fay
(2002), pp 154–5; M-O A, FR 2429A; Hodgson, 24 Nov 1946; Speed, 10 Oct 1946; Langford, 8 Dec 1946; Haines, 19 Dec 1946.

26
. Speed, 5 Dec 1946; St John, 15 Dec 1946; Hodson,
Way
, p 299; Mass-Observation,
Puzzled People
(1947), pp 21–2, 42, 51–2, 65, 77, 83–4, 120, 122.

27
. Ferdynand Zweig,
Labour, Life and Poverty
(1949), pp 7, 58–64, 127–30, 134–6, 146–7, 152, 154–6, 175.

5 Constructively Revolutionary

1.
Spectator
, 20 Sept 2003 (Raymond Carr); Fabian, G 49/10.

2.
Chaplin, 7/3/1, 21 Feb 1946, 12 Jun 1946;
Durham Chronicle
, 21 Feb 1947.

3.
Daly, 302/5/8, 302/4/1, 6 Jan 1946, 302/3/1, 23 Feb 1947;
Guardian
, 24 Aug 1979.

3.
4. Heap, 8 Sept 1945; Ben Pimlott,
Hugh Dalton
(1985), p 434;
Like It Was: The

4.
Diaries of Malcolm Muggeridge
(1981), p 204; Mervyn Jones,
Michael Foot
(1994), p 141; Kenneth O. Morgan,
Callaghan
(Oxford, 1997), p 60;
New Statesman
, 2 Nov 1946.

5.
Brown, 1/15, 14 Feb 1946; Brian Brivati, introduction to Alan Bullock,
Ernest Bevin
(2002), p xiii; Peter Weiler, ‘Britain and the First Cold War’,
Twentieth Century
British History
, 9/1 (1998), pp 127–38;
The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters
of George Orwell, Volume IV
(1968), p 222; Alan Bullock,
Ernest Bevin, Foreign
Secretary,
1945
–
1951 (Oxford, 1983), p 221;
Chips: The Diaries of Sir Henry Channon
(1967), pp 411–12;
The New Yorker
, 20 October 1945;
Tatler
, 5 Dec 1945.

6.
Langford, 24 May 1946; Margaret Gowing,
Britain and Atomic Energy,
1945
–
1952
:
Volume I
(1974), p 184; Peter Hennessy,
Whitehall
(Pimlico edn, 2001), p 713.

7.
Robert Skidelsky,
John Maynard Keynes, Volume Three
(2000), p 470; Bernard Donoughue and G. W. Jones,
Herbert Morrison
(1973), p 353; Richard Toye, ‘“The Gentlemen in Whitehall” Reconsidered’,
Labour History Review
(Aug 2002), pp 197–9.

8.
Alec Cairncross,
Years of Recovery
(1985), p 303; Kenneth O. Morgan,
Labour in
Power,
1945
–
1951 (Oxford, 1984), pp 130, 135; Glen O’Hara, ‘British Economic and Social Planning, 1959–1970’ (PhD, University of London, 2002), pp 4–5.

9.
Donoughue and Jones,
Herbert Morrison
, p 354; Stephen Brooke, ‘Problems of “Socialist Planning”’,
Historical Journal
, 34/3 (1991), p 692; Richard Toye, ‘Gosplanners versus Thermostatters’,
Contemporary British History
(Winter 2000), p 93.

10
. J. D. Tomlinson, ‘The Iron Quadrilateral’,
Journal of British Studies
(Jan 1995), p 100; Elizabeth Durbin,
New Jerusalems
(1985), p 74; Jim Tomlinson, ‘Attlee’s Inheritance and the Financial System’,
Financial History Review
(1994), p 145; Nicholas Davenport,
Memoirs of a City Radical
(1974), pp 72, 149.

11
. Martin Francis, ‘Economics and Ethics’,
Twentieth Century British History
, 6/2 (1995), pp 240–41; James Lansdale Hodson,
The Way Things Are
(1947), p 135;
Hansard
, 6 May 1946, cols 604–5.

12
.
The Times
, 28 Oct 1946; Manny Shinwell,
Lead With The Left
(1981), p 136; Geoffrey Goodman, ‘The Role of Industrial Correspondents’, in Alan Campbell et al (eds),
British Trade Unions and Industrial Politics, Volume One
(Aldershot, 1999), p 27; Hodson,
Way
, p 174; Tom Driberg,
‘Swaff’
(1974), p 223; Michael Young,
Labour’s Plan for Plenty
(1947), p 80.

6 Farewell Squalor

1.
The Times
, 30 May 1946;
Financial Times
, 23 Apr 1946; Correlli Barnett,
The
Audit of War
(Pan edn, 1996), p 276; Jim Tomlinson, ‘Welfare and the Economy’,
Twentieth Century British History
, 6/2 (1995), p 219; Tomlinson, ‘Why So Austere?’,
Journal of Social Policy
(Jan 1998), p 64.

2.
Barnett,
Audit
, p 304; Julian Le Grand,
Motivation, Agency and Public Policy
(Oxford, 2003), p 7.

3.
Charles Webster, ‘Birth of a Dream’, in Geoffrey Goodman (ed),
The State of the
Nation
(1997), p 120.

4.
Rudolf Klein,
The New Politics of the NHS
(1995), pp 26, 17, 20; David Widgery,
The National Health
(1988), p 25; Bruce Cardew, ‘The Family Doctor’, in James Farndale (ed),
Trends in the National Health Service
(Oxford, 1964), p 157; Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine, Archives, GP/7/A.6; Rodney Lowe,
The Welfare State in Britain since
1945 (Basingstoke, 1999), p 176; John Campbell,
Nye Bevan
(1997), p 179; Michael Foot,
Aneurin Bevan, Volume
2 (1973), p 155.

5.
Nicholas Timmins,
The Five Giants
(2001), pp 135–6; Joan C. Brown, ‘Poverty in Post-war Britain’, in James Obelkevich and Peter Catterall (eds),
Understanding
Post-war British Society
(1994), p 117; Alan Deacon and Jonathan Bradshaw,
Reserved for the Poor
(Oxford, 1983), p 47.

6.
Tomlinson, ‘Austere’, pp 67–73; David Vincent,
Poor Citizens
(Harlow, 1991), pp 128–9.

7. Andrew Saint,
Towards a Social Architecture
(1987), p 239; Betty D. Vernon,
Ellen
Wilkinson
(1982), p 217; Gary McCulloch and Liz Sobell, ‘Towards a Social History of the Secondary Modern Schools’,
History of Education
(Sept 1994), p 279; Michael Young,
Labour’s Plan for Plenty
(1947), p 117; P. J. Kemeny, ‘Dualism in Secondary Technical Education’,
British Journal of Sociology
(Mar 1970), p 86; D. W. Dean, ‘Planning for a Post-war Generation’,
History of Education
(Jun 1986), p 107; Barnett,
Audit
, p 302.

8.
Brian Simon,
Education and the Social Order,
1940
–
1990 (1991), pp 104–6; Alan Kerckhoff et al,
Going Comprehensive in England and Wales
(1996), pp 18–19; Vernon,
Ellen Wilkinson
, pp 6–7; Howard Glennerster,
British Social Policy since
1945 (Oxford, 1995), p 62; Martin Francis, ‘“Not Reformed Capitalism, But . . . Democratic Socialism”’, in Harriet Jones and Michael Kandiah (eds),
The Myth of
Consensus
(Basingstoke, 1996), p 43; Ross McKibbin,
Classes and Cultures
(Oxford, 1998), p 234.

9.
John Colville,
The Fringes of Power, Volume Two
(Sceptre edn, 1987), p 262;
The
Times
, 29 Jun 1946; Dean, ‘Planning’, p 114; McKibbin,
Classes
, p 246.

10
. Fred Grundy and Richard M. Titmuss,
Report on Luton
(Luton, 1945), p 66; Alison Ravetz, ‘Housing the People’, in Jim Fyrth (ed),
Labour’s Promised Land?
(1995), pp 161–2;
Sunday Pictorial
, 21 Jul 1946.

11
. Brian Lund,
Housing Problems and Housing Policy
(Harlow, 1996), p 41; Timmins,
Five Giants
, p 145; Steven Fielding et al,
‘England Arise!’
(Manchester, 1995), pp 103–4.

12
. Bertram Hutchinson,
Willesden and the New Towns
(1947), pts III, VII;
The Times
, 7 Mar 1946; Patrick Dunleavy,
The Politics of Mass Housing in Britain,
1945
–
1975 (Oxford, 1981), p 229.

13
. Nigel Warburton,
Ernö Goldfinger
(2004), pp 126–9; Osborn, p 102;
Coventry
Standard
, 31 Aug 1946; J. M. Richards,
The Castles on the Ground
(1946), p 13; Richards,
Memoirs of an Unjust Fella
(1980), p 188; John Betjeman,
Coming Home
(1997), pp 198–9.