Civilization: The West and the Rest (60 page)
15
. Details in Fogel,
Escape from Hunger
, tables 1.2, 1.4.
16
. Figures from Chandler,
Urban Growth
.
17
. Calculated in terms of current dollars, from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators online database.
18
. For an illuminating discussion, see Scruton,
The West and the Rest
.
19
. See e.g. Laue, ‘World Revolution of Westernization’.
20
. Acemoglu et al., ‘Reversal of Fortune’; Putterman and Weil, ‘Post-1500 Population Flows’.
21
. Pomeranz,
Great Divergence
.
22
. Elvin,
Pattern of the Chinese Past
.
23
. Clark,
Farewell to Alms
.
24
. Johnson,
Rasselas
, pp. 56f.
25
. Murray,
Human Accomplishment
.
26
. Landes,
Wealth and Poverty
.
27
. Hibbs and Olsson, ‘Geography’; Bockstette et al., ‘States and Markets’.
28
. Diamond,
Guns, Germs and Steel
.
29
. Diamond, ‘How to Get Rich’.
30
. See e.g. Roberts,
Triumph of the West
.
31
. See North,
Understanding the Process of Economic Change
; North et al.,
Violence and Social Orders
.
32
. Clark,
Farewell to Alms
, pp. 337–42.
33
. Rajan and Zingales, ‘Persistence of Underdevelopment’; Chaudhary et al., ‘Big BRICs, Weak Foundations’.
34
. Huntington,
Clash of Civilizations
.
35
. Wallerstein,
Modern World-System
.
36
. Huntington,
Clash of Civilizations
.
37
. See e.g. Kagan,
Paradise and Power
and, more recently, Schuker, ‘Sea Change’.
38
. See most recently Osborne,
Civilization
.
39
. Morris,
Why the West Rules
.
40
. Brownworth,
Lost to the West
.
41
. Cahill,
How the Irish Saved Civilization
. At the time of writing, it remains to be seen if the compliment will be returned.
42
. Dawson,
Making of Europe
; Woods,
How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization
.
43
. Matthews, ‘Strange Death’; Guyver, ‘England’.
44
. Amanda Kelly, ‘What Did Hitler Do in the War, Miss?’,
Times Educational Supplement
, 19 January 2001.
45
. MacGregor,
History of the World
.
CHAPTER 1: COMPETITION
1
. Smith,
Wealth of Nations
, Book I, chs. 8, 11, Book IV, ch. 9.
2
. Montesquieu,
Spirit of the Laws
, Book VIII, ch. 21. See also Book VII, ch. 7, Book XIX, chs. 17–20.
3
. See in general Bishop,
China’s Imperial Way
.
4
. Tsai,
Perpetual Happiness
, p. 123.
5
. Brook,
Confusions of Pleasure
.
6
. Pinker,
Better Angels
.
7
. Castor,
Blood and Roses
.
8
. Fogel,
Escape from Hunger
, tables 1.2, 1.4.
9
. Clark,
Farewell to Alms
.
10
. Dardess, ‘Ming Landscape’, pp. 323f.
11
. Needham (ed.),
Science and Civilization
, vol. V, pp. 52, 313.
12
. Ibid., vol. VI, pp. 558, 571, 581. Cf. Hobson,
Eastern Origins
, p. 201.
13
. Mokyr,
Lever of Riches
, pp. 209ff.
14
. Needham (ed.),
Science and Civilization
, vol. IV, p. 184.
15
. Ibid., vol. V, pp. 61, 157, 354, 421. Cf. Hobson,
Eastern Origins
, pp. 207–12.
16
. Levathes,
When China Ruled the Seas
.
17
. Ray, ‘Analysis’, p. 82.
18
. Ibid., pp. 82–4.
19
. Duyvendak, ‘True Dates’.
20
. Cotterell,
Imperial Capitals
, p. 222. See also Fernández-Armesto,
Millennium
, ch. 4;
Pathfinders
, ch. 4.
21
. Landes,
Wealth and Poverty
, pp. 95f.
22
. Keay,
China: A History
, p. 385.
23
. According to Nicholas D. Kristof, ‘1492: The Prequel’,
New York Times
, 6 June 1999.
24
. Finlay, ‘Portuguese and Chinese Maritime Imperialism’, pp. 240f.
25
. Flynn and Giraldez, ‘Born with a “Silver Spoon” ’, p. 204.
26
. Chirot, ‘Rise of the West’, pp. 181ff.
27
. Cipolla,
Guns and Sails
, pp. 77–82.
28
. Hoffman, ‘Why Was It that Europeans Conquered the World?’ On the deficiencies of the Ming tax system, see Huang,
1587
, p. 64.
29
. Jones,
European Miracle
, p. 67.
30
. Ibid., p. 120.
31
. Birch,
Historical Charters
, pp. 3f.
32
. Ibid., pp. 19f.
33
. Ibid., pp. 61f.
34
. Details from Inwood,
History of London
.
35
. Burrage and Corry, ‘At Sixes and Sevens’.
36
. Landes,
Revolution in Time
, pp. 34–42.
37
. Barmé,
Forbidden City
.
38
. Cotterell,
Imperial Capitals
, p. 222.
39
. Cotterell,
China: A History
, p. 178.
40
. Catto, ‘Written English’.
41
. Flynn and Giraldez, ‘Arbitrage, China, and World Trade’.
42
. Ebrey,
Cambridge Illustrated History of China
, esp. p. 215.
43
. For a good summary, see Goody,
Capitalism and Modernity
, pp. 103–17.
44
. Guan and Li, ‘GDP and Economic Structure’.
45
. See Mintz,
Sweetness and Power
, p. 191; Higman, ‘Sugar Revolution’.
46
. Clark,
Farewell to Alms
, p. 57.
47
. Pelzer and Pelzer, ‘Coffee Houses of Augustan London’.
48
. For a revisionist view, which downplays the social damage done by exports of opium from British India, see Newman, ‘Opium Smoking in Late Imperial China’.
49
. Barrow,
Life of Macartney
, vol. I, pp. 348f.
CHAPTER 2: SCIENCE
1
. See in general Bakar,
Tawhid and Science
; Morgan,
Lost History
; Lyons,
House of Wisdom
.
2
. Freely,
Aladdin’s Lamp
, p. 163.
3
. Lyons,
House of Wisdom
, p. 5.
4
. İhsanoglu,
Science, Technology and Learning
, pp. 16f.
5
. Mansel,
Constantinople
, p. 62.
6
. Hamdani, ‘Ottoman Response’.
7
. Forster and Daniel (eds.),
Life and Letters
, p. 221.
8
. Hess, ‘Ottoman Seaborne Empire’.
9
. İnalcik and Quataert,
Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire
, p. xviii.
10
. Stoye,
Siege of Vienna
, p. 32.
11
. Ibid., p. 119. Cf. Panaite,
Ottoman Law
.
12
. Goodwin,
Lords of the Horizons
, p. 229.
13
. Lewis,
What Went Wrong?
, pp. 18f.
14
. Özmucur and Pamuk, ‘Real Wages’; Quataert,
Ottoman Manufacturing
. As in India, traditional textile manufacturing was hard hit by European competition in the early nineteenth century, but the Ottoman economy fared better in the period after 1850.
15
. Rafeq, ‘Making a Living’; Pamuk, ‘Institutional Change’.
16
. Grant, ‘Rethinking the Ottoman “Decline” ’.
17
. Steinberg,
Five Hundred Years
, pp. 22–5.
18
. Eisenstein,
Printing Revolution
, p. 168.
19
. Luther,
Concerning Christian Liberty
(1520).
20
. Crofts, ‘Printing, Reform and Catholic Reformation’, p. 376.
21
. Holborn, ‘Printing and the Growth of a Protestant Movement’, pp. 134f.
22
. Dittmar, ‘Ideas, Technology, and Economic Change’.
23
. Walsham, ‘Unclasping the Book?’, p. 156.
24
. Hall, ‘Intellectual Tendencies’, pp. 390f.
25
. Bohnstedt, ‘Infidel Scourge of God’, p. 24.
26
. Clark, ‘Publication of the Koran’, p. 9.
27
. Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
; Levack,
Witch-Hunt
.