Civilization: The West and the Rest (62 page)
29
. Hobbes,
Leviathan
, Part I, ch. 13.
30
. Ibid., ch. 18.
31
. Ibid., Part II, chs. 17, 19.
32
. Locke,
Two Treatises
, Book II, ch. 3.
33
. Ibid., ch. 11.
34
. Ibid., ch. 6.
35
. Ibid., ch. 9.
36
. Ibid., ch. 13.
37
. Full text at
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/nc05.asp
.
38
. Engerman and Sokoloff, ‘Once upon a Time in the Americas’.
39
. Arneil,
John Locke and America
, p. 98.
40
. Locke,
Two Treatises
, Book II, ch. 5.
41
. Elliott,
Empires of the Atlantic World
, p. 135.
42
. Ibid., p. 40. See also Sato,
Legal Aspects of Landownership
.
43
. Engerman and Sokoloff, ‘Once upon a Time in the Americas’.
44
. Ibid.
45
. See Clark,
Language of Liberty
.
46
. Clark, ‘British America’.
47
. George Washington to William Crawford, 20 September 1767, in Washington and Crawford,
Washington–Crawford Letters
, pp. 3f.
48
. See Jasanoff,
Liberty’s Exiles
.
49
. Lynch,
Bolívar
, p. 63.
50
.
http://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/slatta/hi216/documents/bolivar/sbwar1813.htm
.
51
. Ortega, ‘Earthquakes’.
52
. Lynch, ‘Bolívar and the Caudillos’, pp. 6f.
53
. King, ‘Royalist View’.
54
. Lynch, ‘Bolívar and the Caudillos’, pp. 16f.
55
. Woodward, ‘Spanish Army’.
56
. Ulrick, ‘Morillo’s Attempt’, p. 553.
57
. Hamnett, ‘Counter Revolution’.
58
. Lynch,
Bolívar
, p. 99.
59
. See in general Langley,
Americas in the Age of Revolution
, esp. pp. 243–84.
60
.
http://web.archive.org/web/19970615224356/www.umich.edu/ ~proflame/mirror/etext/bol5.html
.
61
. Williamson,
Penguin History
, p. 218.
62
.
http://web.archive.org/web/19970615224356/www.umich.edu/ ~proflame/mirror/etext/bol5.html
.
63
. Bolívar to Sir Henry Cullen, 6 September 1815, in Bolívar (ed.),
Selected Writings
, vol. I, p. 114.
64
.
http://web.archive.org/web/19970615224356/www.umich.edu/~proflame/ mirror/etext/bol2.html
.
65
.
http://web.archive.org/web/19970615224356/www.umich.edu/ ~proflame/mirror/etext/bol5.html
.
66
. Lynch,
Bolívar
, p. 218.
67
. Engerman and Sokoloff, ‘Once upon a Time in the Americas’.
68
. Brown,
Adventuring
, figure 2.2.
69
. Lynch, ‘Bolívar and the Caudillos’, pp. 16ff.
70
. Data from Engerman and Sokoloff, ‘Once upon a Time in the Americas’.
71
. Lynch, ‘Bolívar and the Caudillos’, p. 34.
72
. Lynch,
Bolívar
, p. 276.
73
. Cordeiro, ‘Constitutions’.
74
. Engerman and Sokoloff, ‘Once upon a Time in the Americas’.
75
. Fage, ‘Slavery and the Slave Trade’, p. 395.
76
. Curtin,
Plantation Complex
, pp. 4–26.
77
. Thornton and Heywood,
Central Africans
.
78
. Curtin,
Plantation Complex
, p. 26; Klein and Luna,
Slavery in Brazil
, p. 28. See also Prado,
Colonial Background
; Poppino,
Brazil
.
79
. Schwartz, ‘Colonial Past’, p. 185.
80
. Schwartz,
Slaves, Peasants and Rebels
, p. 46.
81
. Graham,
Patronage and Politics
, p. 26.
82
. Elkins,
Slavery
, p. 76.
83
. Davis, ‘Slavery’, p. 72.
84
. Thomas,
Slave Trade
, p. 633.
85
. Davis, ‘Slavery’, p. 78.
86
. Schwartz,
Slaves, Peasants and Rebels
, p. 42.
87
. Elkins,
Slavery
, p. 40.
88
. Ibid., p. 50.
89
. Elliott,
Empires of the Atlantic World
, p. 283.
90
. Davis, ‘Slavery’, p. 125.
91
. Walvin,
Black Ivory
, pp. 16f.
92
. See Rostworowski,
Doña Francisca Pizarro
.
93
. Wang et al., ‘Geographic Patterns’.
94
. Carvajal-Carmona et al., ‘Strong Amerind/White Sex Bias’; Bedoya et al., ‘Admixture Dynamics’.
95
. Ferguson,
War of the World
, pp. 20–22.
96
. Creel,
Peculiar People
.
97
. Eltis, ‘Volume and Structure’, table 1.
98
. Schaefer,
Genealogical Encyclopaedia
; Thornton and Heywood,
Central Africans
.
99
. Langley,
Americas in the Age of Revolution
, p. 240. Emphasis added.
100
. Sam Roberts, ‘Projections Put Whites in Minority in U.S. by 2050’,
New York Times
, 18 December 2009.
101
. Haber, ‘Development Strategy’.
CHAPTER 4: MEDICINE
1
. For a classic formulation, see Jules Ferry’s speech of 28 July 1885, quoted in Brunschwig,
French Colonialism
, pp. 76f.
2
. Gandhi,
Hind Swaraj
, ch. VI.
3
. Twain,
Following the Equator
, p. 321.
4
. Lenin,
Imperialism
, ch. X.
5
. Collier,
Bottom Billion
.
6
. Moyo,
Dead Aid
. See also Easterly,
White Man’s Burden
.
7
. Gandhi,
Collected Works
, vol. LIV, pp. 233f.
http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL054.PDF
.
8
. Riley, ‘Health Transitions’, esp. figure 2, table 1.
9
. Ibid., pp. 750, 752.
10
. Shaw, ‘Preface on Doctors’, pp. lxvii–lxviii.
11
. Burke,
Reflections
, p. 151.
12
. Ferguson,
Ascent of Money
, p. 154.
14
. Burke,
Reflections
, pp. 190f.
15
. Rousseau,
Social Contract
.
16
. Burke,
Reflections
, p. 291.
17
. Schama,
Citizens
, remains the most readable English account.
18
. Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
, pp. 148–51.
19
. Ibid., p. 153.
20
. Carter et al., (eds.),
Historical Statistics of the United States
, table Ed1-5.
22
. All quotations from Clausewitz,
On War
, Book I, chs. 1, 2, 7; Book III, ch. 17; Book VII, chs. 4, 5, 6, 22; Book VIII, chs. 1–9.
23
. Acemoglu et al., ‘Consequences of Radical Reform’.
24
. McLynn,
Napoleon
, p. 664.
25
. Lieven,
Russia against Napoleon
.
26
. Ferguson,
Ascent of Money
, pp. 81f.
27
. Taylor, ‘1848 Revolutions’.
28
. Blanton et al., ‘Colonial Style’.
29
. Crowder,
Senegal
, pp. 6f., 14f.; Cruise O’Brien,
White Society
, p. 39.
30
. Klein,
Islam and Imperialism
, p. 118.
31
. R. L. Buell,
The Native Problem in Africa
(1928), quoted in Crowder,
Senegal
, p. 23.
32
. Cruise O’Brien,
White Society
, p. 33.
33
. Gifford and Louis,
France and Britain
, p. 672.
34
. Cohen,
Rulers of Empire
, ch. 1.
35
. Brunschwig, ‘French Exploration and Conquest’.
36
. Conklin,
Mission
, p. 13.
37
. Fonge,
Modernization without Development
, p. 66.
38
. Ibid.
39
. Berenson,
Heroes of Empire
, pp. 197f.
40
. Joireman, ‘Inherited Legal Systems’.
41
. Cohen,
Rulers of Empire
, pp. 79f.
42
. Asiwaju,
West African Transformations
, p. 60.