Civilization: The West and the Rest (65 page)
30
. Davie,
Europe
:
The Exceptional Case
, pp. 6f.
31
. The celebrated interview quoted in the first epigraph was by Maureen Cleave, ‘How Does a Beatle Live? John Lennon Lives Like This’,
Evening Standard
, 4 March 1966.
32
. See Barro and McCleary, ‘Religion and Political Economy’.
33
. Tolstoy,
Kingdom of God
, p. 301.
34
. Freud,
Future of an Illusion
, p. 25.
35
. Ibid., p. 30.
36
. Ibid., p. 34.
37
. Ibid., p. 84.
38
. Freud,
Civilization
, pp. 55, 59, 69.
39
. Szasz,
Anti-Freud: Karl Kraus’s Criticism of Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry
.
40
. Attendance is down from 25–55 per cent in the 1970s to 18–22 per cent today, but religion is clearly consumed in myriad ways (television and internet evangelists) undreamt of forty years ago: Putnam and Campbell,
American Grace
, pp. 74, 105.
41
. Sheehan, ‘Liberation and Redemption’, p. 301.
42
. Putnam and Campbell,
American Grace
, p. 326.
43
. Barro and McCleary, ‘Which Countries Have State Religions?’
44
. Iannaconne, ‘Introduction’; Davie,
Europe: The Exceptional Case
, pp. 43ff. For a popular account, see Micklethwait and Wooldridge,
God is Back
, esp. p. 175.
45
. Smith,
Wealth of Nations
, Book V, ch. I.
46
. Micklethwait and Wooldridge,
God is Back
, p. 175.
47
. Zakaria,
Future of Freedom
, pp. 199ff.
48
. Putnam and Campbell,
American Grace
, p. 137.
49
. Weber,
Protestant Ethic
, pp. 115, 117.
50
. For an historically informed account of the crisis, see Ferguson,
Ascent of Money
.
51
. Different estimates in Aikman,
Beijing Factor
, pp. 7f.
52
. Bays, ‘Chinese Protestant Christianity’, p. 182.
53
. Aikman,
Beijing Factor
, pp. 141f.
54
. Ibid., p. 285.
55
. Ibid., pp. 20–34.
56
. Morrison,
Memoirs
, pp. 77f., 288f.
57
. Ibid., pp. 335ff.
58
. Cohen,
China and Christianity
.
59
. Taylor,
Hudson Taylor
, pp. 144f.
60
. Stott,
Twenty-six Years
, pp. 26–54.
61
. Austin,
China’s Millions
, pp. 4–10, 86–90, 167–9.
62
. Ng, ‘Timothy Richard’, p. 78.
63
. Austin,
China’s Millions
, p. 192. See also Steer,
J. Hudson Taylor
.
64
. See in general Kuang-sheng,
Antiforeignism
.
65
. Thompson,
Reluctant Exodus
, esp. pp. 45–50.
66
. Aikman,
Beijing Factor
, pp. 53f.
67
. Dikötter,
Mao’s Great Famine
.
68
. Zuo, ‘Political Religion’, p. 101.
69
. Aikman,
Beijing Factor
, pp. 159, 162, 215.
70
. See Chen and Huang, ‘Emergence’, pp. 189, 196; Bays, ‘Chinese Protestant Christianity’, pp. 194–6.
71
. Interview with the author, 2010. See also Fenggang, ‘Lost in the Market’, p. 425.
72
. Jianbo and Fenggang, ‘The Cross Faces the Loudspeakers’.
73
. Jiwei,
Dialectic of the Chinese Revolution
, pp. 150ff.
74
. Simon Elegant, ‘The War for China’s Soul’,
Time
, 20 August 2006. See also Bays, ‘Chinese Protestant Christianity’.
75
. Aikman,
Beijing Factor
, pp. 73–89.
76
. Fenggang, ‘Cultural Dynamics’, p. 49. See also Sheila Melvin, ‘Modern Gloss on China’s Golden Age’,
New York Times
, 3 September 2007; Timothy Garton Ash, ‘Confucius Can Speak to Us Still – And Not Just about China’,
Guardian
, 9 April 2009.
77
. Christian Solidarity Worldwide,
China: Persecution of Protestant Christians in the Approach to the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
(June 2008); Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor,
International Religious Freedom Report, 2007
(2007).
78
. Hunter and Chan,
Protestantism in Contemporary China
, p. 23. See also Yihua, ‘Patriotic Protestants’.
79
. Simon Elegant, ‘The War for China’s Soul’,
Time
, 20 August 2006. See also Potter, ‘Belief in Control’.
80
. Evan Osnos, ‘Jesus in China: Christianity’s Rapid Rise’,
Chicago Tribune
, 22 June 2008.
81
. Hunter and Chan,
Protestantism in Contemporary China
, p. 6.
82
. Peng, ‘Unreconciled Differences’, pp. 162f.; Zhao, ‘Recent Progress of Christian Studies’.
83
. Aikman,
Beijing Factor
, p. 5.
84
. Zhuo, ‘Significance of Christianity’, p. 258.
85
. Aikman,
Beijing Factor
, pp. 245ff.
86
. Evan Osnos, ‘Jesus in China: Christianity’s Rapid Rise’,
Chicago Tribune
, 22 June 2008.
87
. Bao, ‘Intellectual Influence of Christianity’, p. 274.
88
. Aikman,
Beijing Factor
, p. 17.
89
. Chesterton, ‘Miracle of Moon Crescent’, p. 116.
90
. Craig Whitlock, ‘2 British Suspects Came from Africa’,
Washington Post
, 27 July 2005.
91
. Barber,
Jihad vs. McWorld
.
92
. Cox and Marks,
The West, Islam and Islamism
.
93
. Pew Forum,
Muslim Networks
, p. 6.
94
. Tony Barber, ‘Tensions Unveiled’,
Financial Times
, 16 November 2010, p. 9.
95
. Calculated from figures in the UK Labour Force Survey and the United Nations Population Prospects middle projection. See also ‘Muslim Population “Rising 10 Times Faster than Rest of Society” ’,
The Times
, 30 January 2009.
96
. Caldwell,
Reflections
.
97
. Pew Forum,
Muslim Networks
, pp. 20–56.
98
. Simcox et al.,
Islamist Terrorism
.
99
. See Goldsworthy,
How Rome Fell
; Heather,
Fall of the Roman Empire
.
100
. Ward-Perkins,
Fall of Rome
.
101
. Chesterton, ‘Patriotic Idea’, p. 618; Shaw,
Back to Methuselah
, pp. xv–xvi.
CONCLUSION: THE RIVALS
1
. Hexter, ‘Seyssel, Machiavelli, and Polybius’.
2
. Goldstone, ‘Cultural Orthodoxy’, pp. 129f.; Goldstone,
Revolution and Rebellion
, p. 354.
3
. Bolingbroke,
Patriot King
, p. 273.
4
. Sorokin,
Social and Cultural Dynamics
.
5
. Quigley,
Tragedy and Hope
, pp. 3f. See also Quigley,
Evolution of Civilizations
.
6
. Kennedy,
Rise and Fall
, p. xvi.
7
. Diamond,
Collapse
, p. 158.
8
. For an interesting critique, see Joseph A. Tainter’s review in
Current Anthropology
, 46 (December 2005).
9
. For an introduction see Mitchell,
Complexity
.
10
. Ibid., p. 5. See also Holland,
Emergence
.
11
. Buchanan,
Ubiquity
.
12
. Waldrop,
Complexity
.
13
. Taleb, ‘Fourth Quadrant’.
14
. Krakauer et al. (eds.),
History, Big History and Metahistory
. Cf. Holland,
Hidden Order
.
15
. Richardson,
Statistics of Deadly Quarrels
. For a modern review, see Hayes, ‘Statistics of Deadly Quarrels’ and the discussion in Pinker,
Better Angels
.
16
. Kotkin,
Armageddon Averted
.
17
. Guan and Li, ‘GDP and Economic Structure’.
18
. Maddison,
World Economy
.
21
. I am grateful to Jim O’Neill at Goldman Sachs for providing me with the relevant dataset.
22
. Martin Wolf, ‘Will China’s Rise Be Peaceful?’,
Financial Times
, 16 November 2010.
23
. Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision,
http://esa.un.org/unpp
, 27 November 2010.
24
. Huntington,
Clash of Civilizations
, tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.3, 4.5, 4.6.
25
. Cecchetti et al., ‘Future of Public Debt’.
26
. All details from Ferguson,
Cash Nexus
.