Confronting the Colonies (47 page)

78.
‘JIC(A)(69)24(Draft)—Subversive Activity in the Persian Gulf', McCarthy, D. to Fewtrell (PUSD), CAB163/115.

79.
‘The Short Term Outlook for Oman', 2 November 1972, JIC(A)(72) (N)106, Document released through Freedom of Information Act; ‘Sultanate of Muscat and Oman: The Military and Political Situation in Dhofar in the Shorter Term', 17 April 1970, JIC(A)(70)6, CAB186/5; ‘JIC Minutes', 2 December 1971, JIC(A)(71)46th Meeting, CAB185/7.

80.
‘The Subversive Threat from the People's Democratic Republic of the Yemen', 25 February 1972, JIC(A)(72)7, CAB186/11.

81.
See Douglas-Home, A. to Muscat, 29 February 1972, FCO8/1877; ‘Brief for CDS Conference', Aden to FCO, 2 February 1972, FCO8/1877.

82.
‘The Outlook for Oman', 1 March 1972, JIC(A)(72)11, CAB186/11.

83.
‘The Situation in Oman', 16 November 1973, JIC(A)(73)(N)88, Document released through the Freedom of Information Act; ‘PDRY Support for PFLOAG', 3 September 1971, JIC(A)(71)(N)158, Document released though the Freedom of Information Act.

84.
‘The Threat to the British Withdrawal from the Gulf by the End of 1971', 16 July 1970, JIC(A)(70)(N)130, Document released through the Freedom of Information Act.

85.
‘Rebel Activities in Oman', 4 September 1970, JIC(A)(70)(N)164, Document released through the Freedom of Information Act.

86.
‘The Outlook for the Military Campaign in Dhofar', 17 March 1972, JIC(A)(72)(N)36, Document released through the Freedom of Information Act.

87.
‘The Outlook for Oman', 1 March 1972, JIC(A)(72)11, CAB186/11.

88.
‘Sultanate of Muscat and Oman: The Military and Political Situation in Dhofar in the Shorter term', 17 April 1970, JIC(A)(70)6, CAB186/5.

89.
‘The Short Term Outlook for Oman, JIC(A)(72)(N)106, 2 November 1972, Document released through the Freedom of Information Act.

90.
Although the FCO also interacted with the JIC, both in terms of feeding intelligence into the machine and consuming JIC output. See for example, McCarthy, D. to Crawford, S. (cc to Summerscale, P. (Assessments Staff), 22 January 1970, FCO8/1415'; ‘Sultanate of Muscat and Oman', Acland, A. to Arthur, G., 20 February 1970, FCO8/1415.

91.
Pimlott, Ben,
Harold Wilson
, London: HarperCollins, 1992, p. 706.

92.
Bridges, T. (private secretary to Heath and Wilson) to Cradock, P., 8 June 1974, CAB 163/219.

93.
Elliott, M. (FCO) to Herman, M., 3 July 1974, CAB153/219.

94.
‘JIC Minutes', 30 April 1970, JIC(A)(70)17th Meeting, CAB185/3; ‘JIC Minutes', 16 July 1972, JIC(A)(70)27th Meeting, CAB185/4.

95.
Trend, B., to White, D., 3 April 1968, CAB163/73.

96.
‘Defence Assistance to the Sultanate of Oman', 22 May 1972, DOP(72) 25(Revised), CAB148/122.

97.
‘Future United Kingdom Defence Activity in Oman: Report by the Directors of Defence Policy', 19 November 1973, DP20/73, DEFE11/763.

98.
‘Future United Kingdom Defence Activity in Oman', Confidential annex to Chiefs of Staff minutes, 27 November 1973, Chiefs of Staff(73)25th Meeting, DEFE11/763.

99.
‘The Principles Governing British Military Assistance to Oman: Report by the Defence Policy Staff', 19 April 1974, DP8/749(c)(Draft), DEFE11/655.

100.
‘JIC Minutes', 2 March 1972, JIC(A)(72)9th Meeting, CAB185/10.

101.
Hughes, ‘A “model campaign” reappraised', p. 289.

102.
‘SOAF Assessment of the PDRY Air Threat to Oman', Defence Attaché to Chiefs of Staff Secretary, 4 June 1972, FCO8/1862.

103.
‘Future United Kingdom Defence Activity in Oman: Draft Report by the Defence Operational Planning Staff', 31 October 1972, DOP543/72(Prelim Draft), DEFE11/736.

104.
‘PDRY Support for PFLOAG', 3 September 1971, JIC(A)(71)(N)158, Document released through the Freedom of Information Act.

105.
‘Future United Kingdom Defence Activity in Oman: Report by the Directors of Defence policy', 19 November 1973, DP20/73, DEFE11/763.

106.
‘Future United Kingdom Defence Activity in Oman: Note by the Secretary', 31 December 1973, Chiefs of Staff46/73, DEFE11/763.

107.
‘British Military Assistance to Oman: Report by the Defence Policy Staff', 15 February 1974, DP4/74(c)(Revised Draft), DEFE11/653.

108.
‘JIC Minutes', 2 July 1970, JIC(A)(70)25th Meeting, CAB185/4.

109.
Herman, Michael,
Intelligence Services in the Information Age
, London: Frank Cass, 2002, p. 36.

110.
Mockaitis,
British Counterinsurgency
, p. 74. This is repeated across the literature. For other examples, Arkless, David,
The Secret War: Dhofar 1971–1972
, London: William Kimber, 1988, p. 16; Dorril,
MI6
, p. 371; Ladwig, ‘Supporting allies in counterinsurgency', pp. 71, 85; Peterson,
Oman's Insurgencies
, p. 239; Allen and Rigsbee,
Oman under Qaboos
, p. 29.

111.
Thomson, Mike, ‘Document',
BBC Radio Four
(23 November 2009).

112.
Thomson, ‘Document'.

113.
Telegram no. 340, Crawford, S. to FCO, 13 July 1970, quoted in Thomson, ‘Document'.

114.
Graham, J. quoted in Thomson, ‘Document'.

115.
Jones, C. quoted in Thomson, ‘Document'.

116.
Anon, ‘Brigadier Tim Landon',
The Daily Telegraph
, 12 July 2007,
www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1557161
; Townsend, John,
Oman: The Making of a Modern State
, Croom Helm: 1977, pp. 74–5; see also Dorril,
MI6
, p. 731.

117.
‘The Threat to a British Withdrawal from the Gulf by the End of 1971', 16 July 1970, JIC(A)(70)(N)130, Document released through the Freedom of Information Act.

118.
‘Situation in Dhofar', McCarthy, D. (FCO Arabian Department) to Crawford, S. (Political Resident, Persian Gulf), 22 January 1970, FCO8/1415.

119.
Ladwig, ‘Supporting allies in counterinsurgency', p. 85.

120.
Sultanate of Muscat and Oman: The Military and Political Situation in Dhofar in the Shorter Term', 17 April 1970, JIC(A)(70)6, CAB186/5.

121.
Ladwig, ‘Supporting allies in counterinsurgency', p. 85.

121. Sultanate of Muscat and Oman: The Military and Political Situation in Dhofar in the Shorter Term', 17 April 1970, JIC(A)(70)6, CAB186/5.

122.
‘JIC(A)(70)6(Preliminary Draft): Situation in Dhofar', attached to note from Crawford, S. to McCarthy, D., 28 January 1970, FCO8/1415.

123.
Acland, A. quoted in Thomson, ‘Document'.

124.
‘Sultanate of Muscat and Oman', attached to note from Acland, A. to Arthur, G., 20 February 1970, FCO8/1415.

125.
‘Sultanate of Muscat and Oman', attached to note from Acland, A. to Arthur, G., 20 February 1970, FCO8/1415.

126.
‘Sultanate of Muscat and Oman: The Military and Political Situation in Dhofar in the Shorter Term', 17 April 1970, JIC(A)(70)6, CAB186/5.

127.
Pillar, Paul, ‘The perils of politicisation', in Johnson, L. (ed.),
The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 474.

128.
Herman,
Intelligence Power
, p. 129.

129.
‘JIG(Gulf) Weekly Report 29/70 up to 27th July 1970', Secretary JIG(Gulf) to Secretary JIC(A) and FCO Arabian Department, FCO8/1415.

130.
Acland, A. quoted in Thomson, ‘Document'.

131.
‘The Outlook for Oman', 1 March 1972, JIC(A)(72)11, CAB186/11.

132.
Hughes, ‘A “model campaign” reappraised', p. 284.

133.
See Mockaitis,
British Counterinsurgency
, pp. 1–4.

134.
Mockaitis,
British Counterinsurgency
, p. 11.

135.
Marshall, ‘Imperial nostalgia', p. 248.

1.
Davies, Philip,
Intelligence and Government in Britain and the United States, Vol. 2, Evolution of the U.K. intelligence community
, California: Praeger, 2013, p. 14

2.
Burke Trend to Prime Minister, 13 March 1967, PREM 13/2688.

3.
See Scott, Len, ‘British strategic intelligence and the Cold War' in Johnson, L. (ed.),
The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 146.

4.
Scott, ‘British strategic intelligence and the Cold War', p. 146; Davies,
Evolution of the U.K. intelligence community
, p. 37.

5.
Jeffery, Keith,
MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service, 1909–1949
, London: Bloomsbury, 2010, p. 748.

6.
Hennessy, Peter,
The Prime Minister: The Office and its Holders Since 1945
, London: Allen Lane, 2000, pp. 220, 236–7.

7.
See also, Davies,
Evolution of the U.K. intelligence community
, p. 63.

8.
Davies,
Evolution of the U.K. intelligence community
, p. 204.

9.
A.M. Palliser, ‘Note for the Record', 2 August 1967, PREM 13/2688.

10.
‘Joint Intelligence Committee—Terms of Reference',
Cabinet Office
, undated,
http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/content/joint-intelligence-committee-terms-reference
.

11.
Private information.

12.
Lord West of Spithead, Oral evidence to the Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy, first review of the National Security Strategy 2010, 12 September 2011, p. 29,
http://www.parliament.uk/documents/joint-committees/national-security-strategy/nsscollatedevidencefinal.pdf
.

13.
Baroness Manningham-Buller, the Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy, first review of the National Security Strategy 2010, 12 September 2011, p. 48,
http://www.parliament.uk/documents/joint-committees/national-security-strategy/nsscollatedevidencefinal.pdf
.

14.
Phillips, Mark, ‘Failing intelligence: reform of the machinery', in Codner, Michael and Clarke, Michael (eds.),
A Question of Security: The British Defence Review in an Age of Austerity
, London: IB Tauris, 2011, p. 254.

15.
Cabinet Office,
A Strong Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The National Security Strategy
, London: Crown, 2010, p. 27.

16.
Freedman, Lawrence, ‘The third world war?'
Survival
, 43/4, (2001), p. 64.

17.
French, David,
The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945–1967
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 252–3.

18.
Cabinet Office,
National Intelligence Machinery: Annex A: UK Government Intelligence: Its Nature, Collection, Assessment, and Use
(2010)
http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/nim-november2010.pdf
.

19.
It is now tasked ‘to monitor and give early warning of the development of direct and indirect threats' to British interests. Joint Intelligence Committee—Terms of Reference'
Cabinet Office
http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/content/joint-intelligence-committee-terms-reference
. last accessed, 2 February 2011; Cabinet Office,
National Intelligence Machinery
, London: Crown, 2010, p. 22.

20.
Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review
, London: The Stationery Office, 2010, p. 43 (Emphasis Added).

21.
Heuer, Richard,
Psychology of Intelligence Analysis
, Washington DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1999, p. 15.

22.
Senior Cabinet Office Official (2011).

23.
Cabinet Office,
Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review
, London: The Stationery Office, 2010, p. 67.

24.
Intelligence and Security Committee, ISC annual report, 2011–2012, London: Crown, 2012, p. 12.

25.
Betts, Richard, ‘Analysis, war and decision: why intelligence failures are inevitable',
World Politics
, 31/1, (1978), p. 61.

26.
Goodman, Michael, ‘The dog that didn't bark: the JIC and warning of aggression',
Cold War History
, 7/4, (2007), p. 531.

27.
Thomas, Martin,
Empires of Intelligence: Security Services and Colonial Disorder after 1914
, London: University of California Press, 2008.

28.
‘Transcript of Sir David Omand Hearing', Oral Evidence to the Iraq Inquiry, 20 January 2010,
http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/media/44187/20100120pm-omand-final.pdf
, pp. 16–7.

29.
‘Transcript of Sir John Scarlett Hearing', Oral Evidence to the Iraq Inquiry, 8 December 2009,
http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/media/40665/20091208pmscarlett-final.pdf
, p. 24.

30.
‘Transcript of Sir Gus O'Donnell Hearing', Oral Evidence to the Iraq Inquiry, 28 January 2011,
http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/media/51849/20110202-odonnell-final.pdf
, p. 69.

31.
JIC Assessment, ‘Southern Iraq: What's in Store?', 19 February 2003,
http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/media/50766/JIC-Assessment-19February2003.pdf
.

32.
JIC Assessment, ‘Iraq: The Initial Landscape Post-Saddam', 16 April 2003,
http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/media/50479/JICAssessment-16April2003-KeyjudgementsI-IIIandV-VII.pdf
.