Confronting the Colonies (44 page)

57.
‘Implications of the Yemeni Revolt', 30 November 1962, JIC(62)90, CAB158/47.

58.
For an early example of the JIC downplaying the threat of conventional air strikes see ‘Implications of the Yemeni Revolt', 30 November 1962, JIC(62)90, CAB158/47.

59.
‘Chiefs of Staff Minutes', 14 January 1964, Chiefs of Staff(64)3rd Meeting, DEFE11/422.

60.
Note by Stewart Crawford, 16th March 1964, FO371/174627.

61.
Jones, Clive, ‘“Among ministers, mavericks and mandarins”: Britain's covert action and the Yemen civil war, 1962–64',
Middle Eastern Studies
, 40/1 (2004b), pp. 103–4; ‘DOP Minutes', 18 March 1964, DO(64)15th Meeting,
CAB148/1; Mawby, Spencer,
British Policy in Aden and the Protectorates 1955–67: Last Outpost of a Middle East Empire
, London: Routledge, 2005, p. 103; Mumford, Andrew, ‘Unnecessary or unsung? The utilisation of airpower in Britain's colonial counterinsurgencies',
Small Wars & Insurgencies
, 20/3, (2009), p. 648.

62.
Ducker, John, ‘The international context of South Arabia and British policy', p. 65; Mawby, Spencer, ‘The clandestine defence of empire: British special operations in Yemen 1951–64',
Intelligence and National Security
, 17/3, (2002), p. 117.

63.
Trevaskis to Sandys, ‘The Threat to Our Position in Aden and the Measures Required to Counter it', 31 March 1964, MSS.Brit.Emp.s367,6/1, The Threat to Aden, Rhodes House, Oxford.

64.
Gandy, Christopher, ‘A mission to Yemen: August 1962–January 1963',
British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
, 25/2, (1998) pp. 247–74. Gandy was a Foreign Office official serving in Yemen during the crisis.

65.
See for example ‘Intelligence—Middle East Command', 17 March 1964, JIC(64)29, CAB158/52.

66.
‘Implications of the Yemeni Revolt', 30 November 1962, JIC(62)90, CAB158/47; ‘The Threat to Aden', 3 January 1964, JIC(63)80, CAB158/50.

67.
Handwritten note by Mr. Shegog (Colonial Office), 10 April 1964, CO1035/181.

68.
‘JIC Revised Terms of Reference', 29 March 1966, CAB163/50.

69.
‘JIC(ME) Weekly Intelligence Review', 13 December 1963, 49/63, CO1035/161.

70.
Kennedy Trevaskis, Diary Entry, 10 December 1963, p. 7, MSS.Brit.Emp. s546, Box2(B): Files 6–8, 1963 Diary; Trevaskis to C. Eastwood (Colonial Office), 5 February 1964, MSS.Brit.Emp.s367,6/1, ‘The Threat to Aden', Rhodes House, Oxford; Trevaskis to Sandys, 13 December 1963, no. 452, DSND 8/5, Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge.

71.
Kennedy Trevaskis, Diary Entry, 11 December 1963, p. 8 and 12 December 1963, p. 9, MSS.Brit.Emp.s546, Box2(B): Files 6–8, 1963 Diary; Rhodes House, Oxford.

72.
‘The Threat to Aden', 3 January 1964, JIC(63)80, CAB158/50.

73.
Goodman, Michael, ‘The dog that didn't bark: the JIC and warning of aggression',
Cold War History
, 7/4, (2007), p. 531.

74.
A 1982 report by Doug Nicoll, Deputy-Director of GCHQ raised the issue when examining warning failure and the JIC were again guilty regarding the Falklands. See Goodman, ‘The dog that didn't bark', pp. 531–2.

75.
Nicoll, Doug, ‘The JIC and warning of aggression', quoted in Goodman, ‘The dog that didn't bark', p. 537.

76.
Mawby, ‘clandestine defence of empire', pp. 108–9, 121; Jones, Clive
‘“Where the state feared to tread”: Britain, Britons, covert action and the Yemen civil war, 1962–64',
Intelligence and National Security
, 21/5, (2006), p. 721. There is some debate over the exact date of the formation of the NLF with some authors placing it in October 1963. For more information, including the group's evolution and gradual split from Egyptian support see Paget,
Last Post
, p. 116; Ducker, ‘Historical and constitutional background', pp. 44–5; Ducker, ‘The international context of South Arabia and British policy', p. 73.

77.
‘The Nature of the Threat to the Western Aden Protectorate and the Steps Needed to Deal with it', WAP [Western Aden Protectorate] Security Committee paper, 31 October 1962, TS/POL/YEM/31/27, MSS.Brit.Emp. s367,6/1, ‘The Threat to Aden', Rhodes House, Oxford.

78.
Naumkin, Vitaly,
Red Wolves of Yemen: The Struggle for Independence
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 40; Mawby, Spencer, ‘Orientalism and the failure of British policy in the Middle East: the case of Aden',
History
, 95/319, (2010), pp. 343–4.

79.
‘The Threat to Aden', 3 January 1964, JIC(63)80, CAB158/50.

80.
‘WRCI as at 31st December 1963', CAB179/11.

81.
‘Report on IS Interrogation in Aden, 2 Jan–30 Jan 65 by WO 2 Everson, FG, Intelligence Corps, Annexure A: Organisation of the National Front for the Liberation of Southern Arabia'. This report is attached to a letter from H. Benny (MoD) to J. Morton (Colonial Office), 23 February 1965, CO1035/78.

82.
‘The Threat to South Arabia', 8 March 1965, JIC(64)77, CAB158/54; Such assessments built on LIC assessments see for example, ‘The National Front for the Liberation of the Occupied South or National Liberation Front (NLF)', 25 January 1965, SF/PRO/1158, CAB191/12.

83.
‘JIC Minutes', 2 April 1964, JIC(64)17th Meeting, CAB159/40.

84.
‘UAR Policies Towards Aden', 21 April 1964, JIC(64)45, CAB158/53; ‘The Threat to South Arabia', 8 March 1965, JIC(64)77, CAB158/54; ‘JIC Minutes', 25 March 1964, JIC(64)16th Meeting, CAB 159/40.

85.
Note by P. Halliday (JIC Secretariat), 16th February 1966, CAB163/71.

86.
‘Note of a Meeting held in the Colonial Office on 17 February 1964 to Discuss the Organisation of Intelligence in the Federation of South Arabia', 19 February 1964, CO1035/181.

87.
Jack Morton (SIA/Colonial Office) to Higham (Colonial Office), 20 April 1964, CO1035/181.

88.
Note from Bushell (Political Office M/E Command) to Benchley (FO), 19 March 1964, FO371/174627.

89.
Pillar, Paul, ‘The perils of politicisation', in Johnson, L. (ed.),
The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence
, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2010, pp. 477–8. As Pillar notes, displeasing a policymaker (particularly one as belligerent as Trevaskis) can ‘spoil an intelligence officer's day'.

90.
D. Russell (Colonial Office), ‘Organisation of Intelligence—Aden (Federation), 9 April 1964, CO1035/181; handwritten note by Mr. Shegog (Colonial Office), 10 April 1964, CO1035/181.

91.
Walton, Calder,
Empire of Secrets
, p. 320.

92.
Note from Higham (CO) to Morton (SIA), 6 February 1964, CO1035/160; See also Note from Russell (CO) to Morton (SIA), 17 January 1964, CO1035/160; ‘Note from Morton (SIA) to Russell (CO), 17 January 1964, CO1035/160; Telegram form the Colonial Office to the High Commissioner, Aden, February 1964, CO1035/60; ‘Draft note of a meeting held in the Colonial Office on 17th February 1964, to discuss the organisation of intelligence in the Federation of South Arabia', 17 February 1964, CO1035/160.

93.
The Assistant High Commissioner's Office, Al Ittihad, Monthly Report for December 1963 No. 12', January 1964, IOR/R/20/D/41; ‘LIC Aden Summary No. 362 for period 4th December to Noon 10th December 1963', 10 December 1963, IOR/R/20/D/34; ‘LIC Aden Summary No. 364 for period 11th December to Noon 17th December 1963', 17 December 1963, IOR/R/20/D/35; ‘JIC(ME) Weekly Review of Intelligence No. 49', 13 December 1963, 49/63, IOR/R/20/D/37.

94.
‘Threat to Federation and Protectorate', LIC Report, 31 August 1964, IOR/R/20/D/91; See also Mawby, ‘Orientalism', p. 341; For other examples see ‘LIC Aden Summary No. 368 for period 8th January to Noon 14th January 1964', 14 January 1964, IOR/R/20/D/35; ‘LIC Aden Summary No. 360 for period 22nd January to Noon 28th January 1964', 28 January 1964, IOR/R/20/D/35; ‘LIC Aden Summary No. 378 for period 18th March to Noon 24th March 1964', 24 March 1964, IOR/R/20/D/35; ‘LIC Aden Summary No. 379 for period 25th March to Noon 31st March 1964', 31 March 1964, IOR/R/20/D/35; ‘JIC(ME) Weekly Review of Intelligence No. 14', 3 April 1964, 14/64, IOR/R/20/D/37; LIC Aden Summary No. 380 for period 1st April to Noon 4th April 1964', 4 April 1964, IOR/R/20/D/35; ‘JIC(ME) Weekly Review of Intelligence No16', 17 April 1964, 17/64, IOR/R/20/D/37; to compare with JIC(ME) papers see ‘JIC(ME) Weekly Review of Intelligence No. 2', 10 January 1964, 2/64, IOR/R/20/D/37; ‘JIC(ME) Weekly Review of Intelligence No. 3', 17 January 1964, 3/64, IOR/R/20/D/37; ‘JIC(ME) Weekly Review of Intelligence No. 5', 31 January 1964, 5/64, IOR/R/20/D/37.

95.
Hovet Jr., Thomas, Erica Hovet,
A Chronology and Fact Book of the United Nations 1941–1969
, New York: Oceana Publications, 1970, p. 59.

96.
‘JIC Minutes', 16 April 1964, JIC(64)19th Meeting, CAB159/40.

97.
‘JIC Minutes', 16 April 1964, JIC(64)19th Meeting, CAB159/40; ‘Publishable Material on UAR/YAR Activities in the Yemen and the Federation of South Arabia', 28 April 1964, JIC(64)39, CAB158/53.

98.
‘Publishable Material on UAR/YAR Activities in the Yemen and the Federation of South Arabia: Annex D UAR/YAR Subversion within the Federation of South Arabia', 28 April 1964, JIC(64)39, CAB158/53.

99.
Mawby,
British Policy in Aden
, p. 127.

100.
‘JIC Minutes', 27 February 1967, JIC(67)9th Meeting, CAB159/47; ‘JIC Minutes', 2 March 1967, JIC(67)10th Meeting, CAB159/47; The report's conclusions represent the JIC's input, see ‘The Likely Situation in South Arabia Shortly Before and After the GB Withdrawal and the Implications for British Interests', 3 March 1967, JIC(67)20, CAB158/66.

101.
‘The Outlook for the Persian Gulf and South Arabia up to the end of 1968', 25 May 1966, JIC(66)37, CAB158/63.

102.
Mawby, ‘Orientalism', p. 341.

103.
Mawby, ‘Orientalism', p. 342.

104.
Although Spencer Mawby argues the significance of the White Paper has been exaggerated, others suggest that it allowed Nasser to claim victory in Yemen, decreased popular support for British authority and law enforcement, and intensified the violence until withdrawal. Mawby, Spencer, ‘The “Big Lie” and the “Great Betrayal”: explaining the British collapse in Aden', in Ashton, N. (ed.),
The Cold War in the Middle East: Regional Conflict and the Superpowers 1967–73
, Oxon: Routledge, 2007, p. 174; Balfour-Paul,
The End of Empire in the Middle East
, p. 85; Ducker, John, ‘Aden: the 1966 Defence White Paper', in Hinchcliffe, P., Ducker, J. and Holt, M. (eds.),
Without Glory in Arabia: The British Retreat from Aden
, London: IB Taurus, 2006c, p. 204; Paget,
Last Post
, p. 159.

105.
‘The Effects in the Middle East of an Announcement of a British Withdrawal from South Arabia in 1967 or 1968', 23 December 1965, JIC(65)92, CAB158/60.

106.
Witty, ‘A regular army in counterinsurgency', p. 427; Mumford, Andrew,
The counter-insurgency myth: The British experience of Irregular Warfare
, Oxon: Routledge, 2012, pp. 88–9.

107.
‘The Effects in the Middle East of an Announcement of a British Withdrawal from South Arabia in 1967 or 1968', 23 December 1965, JIC(65)92, CAB158/60.

108.
‘JIC Minutes', 22 December 1965, JIC(65)54th Meeting, CAB159/44; ‘The Effects in the Middle East of an Announcement of a British Withdrawal from South Arabia in 1967 or 1968', 23 December 1965, JIC(65)92, CAB158/60.

109.
Mawby, ‘The big lie', pp. 178–9.

110.
‘The Effects in the Middle East of an Announcement of a British Withdrawal from South Arabia in 1967 or 1968', 23 December 1965, JIC(65)92, CAB158/60.

111.
‘JIC Minutes', 22 December 1965, JIC(65)54th Meeting, CAB159/44.

112.
‘The Effects in the Middle East of an Announcement of a British Withdrawal from South Arabia in 1967 or 1968', 23 December 1965, JIC(65)92, CAB158/60.

113.
‘JIC Minutes', 22 December 1965, JIC(65)54th Meeting, CAB159/44.

114.
Dockrill, Saki,
Britain's Retreat from East of Suez: The Choice Between Europe and the World?
Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2002, pp. 154–5.

115.
‘Sub-committee on South Arabia of the OPD(O) Committee Minutes', 20 December 1965, OPD(O)(AS)(65)3rd Meeting, CAB148/49.

116.
‘Outcome of Defence Review: Aden Base, Memorandum by the Colonial Office', 12 January 1966, OPD(O)(66)5, CAB148/69.

117.
‘Sub-committee on South Arabia of the OPD(O) Committee Minutes', 4 January 1966, OPD(O)(AS)(66)1st Meeting, CAB148/78; ‘The Effects in the Middle East of an Announcement of a British Withdrawal from South Arabia in 1967 or 1968', 23 December 1965, JIC(65)92, CAB 158/60.

118.
Bailey, Roderick, ‘McLean, Neil Loudon Desmond (1918–1986)',
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
, Oxford University Press, 2004,
www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/755411

119.
See correspondence with Sandys, 1962–1964, in MSS.Brit.Emp.s367,6/1, ‘The Threat to Aden', Rhodes House, Oxford.

120.
Gandy, ‘A Mission to Yemen', p. 264.

121.
Johnson, Loch, ‘On drawing a bright line for covert operations',
The American Journal of International Law
, 86/2, (1992), p. 286.

122.
Treverton, Gregory,
Covert Action: The Limits of Intervention in the Postwar World
, New York: Basic Books, 1987, p. 193.

123.
Daugherty, William, ‘Covert action: strengths and weaknesses', in Johnson, L. (ed.),
The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 613.