Destination Mars (35 page)

Jupiter (planet),
267

Kaplan, Lew,
101
,
102

Karatepe (Black Hill) (Opportunity's entry point in Endurance Crater),
215

katabatic (gravity-fed) winds (aka drainage wind),
276
,
312n2

Kepler, Johannes,
39
–
41

Labeled-Release experiment (Viking landers),
88
,
95

Lahonten Crater (examined by Spirit),
213

Langley Research Center,
133

La planète Mars
(Flammarion),
45

laser-powered radar (LIDAR),
234

Last Chance (rock examined by Opportunity),
184
,
185

Late Heavy Bombardment (period of impacts),
32

Lee, Pascal,
271

Legos
^®
,
174
–
75

Leighton, Robert,
57
–
60
,
67

Levin, Gilbert,
103

Li, Fuk,
303
–
304n4

LIDAR.
See
laser-powered radar life on Mars,
35
–
36
,
55
,
59

attempts to keep Earth microbes off of Mars,
21
,
297n2

chemical reactions mimicking life,
95

conditions necessary for,
298n1
.
See also

“Goldilocks Zone”

“dead Mars” group not believing in,
34
,
81
.
See also
photo section

early misunderstandings about (“intelligent Martian” club),
41
–
49
,
54

and face in the Cydonia area,
112
,
303n3

importance of finding water,
181
,
204

looking at extremophiles on Earth as a way to study,
283

Mars Odyssey search for,
160
,
162

MSL project's search for,
263

Norman Horowitz's efforts to find,
99
–
105

panspermia
theory,
299n5

and presence of perchlorate,
34
,
240
,
250
,
278

search for life-forms in soil,
85
,
88
–
89
,
93
–
95

search for organics as precursors to life,
233
,
248
–
49

Viking program's search for,
83
–
97

experiments planned,
84
,
88
–
89
,
93
,
95
,
100
–
101

See also
microbes on Mars;
photo section

light-toned deposits (LTDs),
204

Lockheed Martin,
108
,
158
,
171
,
195
,
231
,
244

longevity of Mars missions,
77
,
96
,
114
,
120
–
21
,
164
,
168
–
69
,
259
,
267
,
301n1
(
chap. 8
)

Lowell, Percival,
23
–
24
,
34
,
41
,
45
–
49
,
47
,
56
,
58
,
101

See also
photo section

Lowell Observatory,
85

“Low Power Fault” (safe mode for Mars rovers),
222

low thermal inertia,
298
–
99n4

LTDs.
See
light-toned deposits

Ma'adim Vallis valley,
174

Macintosh
^®
computer.
See
Apple Macintosh
^®

Magellan, Ferdinand,
219

Magellan Venus project,
190
,
309n1
(
chap. 22
)

magnetic field on Mars seeming lack of,
29
,
120
weakness of,
55
,
111

magnetometer,
111

magnets, use of to study ferrous metal,
175

MAHLI.
See
Mars Hand Lens Imager

Malin Space Science Systems,
255

Mangala (Hindu name for Mars),
37

Manning, Robert (Rob),
9
–
11
,
133
–
41
,
281
–
82

mapping of Mars

from Earth

Antoniadi's work.
See
photo section

composite of telescopic images of Mars.
See
photo section

Flammarion's work,
41

Hall's work,
41
,
43

Hugyen's work,
40
,
40

Lowell's work,
45
–
48
,
47
.
See
photo section

naming features on Mars,
33
,
44

Schiaparelli's work,
41
,
43
–
44
,
44
.
See
photo section

from the Hubble Space Telescope.
See
photo section

on Mars

by Curiosity,
256
,
257

by Sojourner and Pathfinder,
176
,
178
,
179

3-D mapping,
178
,
179
,
257

from orbit

by Mariner missions,
74
–
76
,
80
,
84

Mars Global Surveyor,
110
,
111
,
117

Mars Odyssey,
158
,
159
,
163
,
167
,
168

by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter using HD,
197
,
201
,
206

Viking orbiters' analyses,
112
.
See also
photo section

See also
photographing Mars

MARCI.
See
Mars Color Imager

MARDI.
See
Mars Descent Imager

Mare Erythraeum (Erythraean Sea),
33

Mare Sirenum (Sea of Sirens),
33

MARIE.
See
Mars Radiation Environment Experiment

Mariner program

Mariner 1 (failure of),
52

Mariner 2 (flyby of Venus),
52
,
57

Mariner 3 (failure of),
51
–
52
,
148

Mariner 4 (NASA's first journey to Mars),
51
–
60
,
73
,
81
,
102
,
103
,
137
,
182
,
198
,
209
–
10
.
See also
photo section

amount of Martian surface studied,
84

compared to Mariner 6 and 7,
61
,
62
,
64
,
68

and Robert Leighton,
57
–
60

Mariner 6 (to Mars),
20
,
61
–
66
,
65
,
81
,
84
,
209
–
10

Mariner 7 (to Mars),
20
,
61
–
66
,
65
,
84
,
209
–
10

Mariner 8 (failure of),
64
,
74
,
77
–
78
,
80
,
149

Mariner 9 (to Mars),
54
,
64
,
69
,
73
–
78
,
104
,
110
,
210
.
See also
photo section

amount of Martian surface studied,
84

discovering volcanoes,
75
,
76
–
77
,
80

finding water channels,
191

first to orbit another world,
74
,
79
–
80
,
209

and Laurence Soderblom,
79
–
81

longevity of mission,
77
,
301n1
(
chap. 8
)

quality of photos from,
20
,
85
,
126

showing volcanic activity,
31

Mariner 10 (to Mercury),
67
–
71
,
78

total cost of,
78

Marley, Bob,
175

Mars
(Lowell),
46

Mars (planet)

basic planetary information,
27
–
36

early misunderstandings about (“intelligent Martian” club),
41
–
49
,
54

and face in the Cydonia area,
112
,
303n3

early names for,
37
–
38
,
38

fictional letter from,
289
–
90

future of explorations of a crewed mission to Mars,
288
,
291

fictional letter from,
289
–
90

potential missions 2010–2030,
292
–
94

history of man's interest in,
37
–
50

as a “terrestrial” planet,
32
,
298n3

See also
northern hemisphere of Mars; polar caps of Mars; southern hemisphere of Mars; unmanned explorations sent to Mars

Mars (Roman name for Greek god Ares),
38

Mars and Its Canals
(Lowell),
46

Mars as the Abode of Life
(Lowell),
46

Mars Climate Orbiter (MCO), failure of,
150
–
52
,
154
,
211
,
229
,
231
,
246
,
249
,
268

Mars Climate Sounder (MCS),
197
,
202

Mars Color Imager (MARCI),
197

Mars Descent Imager (MARDI),
256

Mars Exploration Rovers mission (MER),
120
,
161
,
166
,
171
–
87
,
193
,
212
,
213
–
28
,
232
,
261
,
262

compared to MSL rover,
253

finding own airbag,
184
–
85
,
186

Sojourner as a first step toward,
132

and Steve Squyres,
189
–
94

use of Mars Odyssey as a relay station,
101
,
164

use of as relay station for MER,
171

use of “rocker-bogie” system from the Sojourner rover,
175
,
308n1
(
chap. 20
)

See also
Opportunity (rover);
photo section
; Spirit (rover)

Mars Express mission (of Russian Federation and European Space Agency),
143
–
46
,
166
,
200
,
267
,
311n1
(
chap. 29
)

Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) program,
108
–
14
,
112
,
131
,
151
,
153
,
161
,
162
,
200

end of mission,
113
–
14
,
120
–
21
,
303
–
304n4

and Mars Odyssey,
163

and Robert Brooks,
115
–
21

size of data return from,
309n1
(
chap. 22
)

use of as relay station for MER,
101
,
164
,
171

use of redundancy in planning,
307n1
(
chap. 18
)

See also
photo section

Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI),
255
–
56

Mars Hill (Lowell's observatory),
46

MARSIS radar altimeter,
144
–
46

Mars missions by the Soviet Union.
See
Soviet Union's space programs, attempts to probe Mars

Mars 96 mission, failure of,
143

Mars Observer (MO) program,
115
,
116

losing communication,
107
–
108
,
149

Mars Odyssey program,
112
,
145
,
157
–
64
,
171
,
200
,
232
,
234
,
247
,
267
,
307n1
(
chap. 18
)

comparing photos taken by MRO,
207

enabling selection of future landing sites,
161

and Jeffrey Plaut,
167
–
69

longest operational spacecraft at Mars,
164
,
168
–
69

size of data return from,
309n1
(
chap. 22
)

use of as relay station for MER,
101
,
164
,
171

working with MGS,
163

Mars Polar Lander (MPL), failure of,
150
–
54
,
166
,
211
,
229
,
230
,
246
,
249
,
268

See also
photo section

Mars Program Independent Assessment Team,
154

“Marsquakes,”
91
–
92

Mars Radiation Environment Experiment (MARIE),
158
,
164
,
168

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) program,
113
,
145
,
166
,
195
–
207
,
200
,
235
,
267