Destination Mars (38 page)

ceasing operation,
193
,
227
–
28

compared to MSL rover,
253

finding own heat shield,
183

getting stuck in sand,
226
,
227

re-creation of the entrapment.
See
photo section

mechanical problems,
214
,
216
–
17
,
225
–
26

See also
Mars Exploration Rovers mission (MER)

“Spirit Point” (Opportunity's point of arrival at Endeavor Crater),
228

Sputnik program (Soviet Union),
57
,
148

Squyres, Steve,
189
–
94

SSI.
See
surface stereo imager Stanford University,
267

Stapledon (rock examined by Spirit),
225

sulfates,
248
,
258

sunset on Mars.
See
photo section

surface stereo imager (SSI),
232
–
33

surveying Mars.
See
mapping of Mars; photographing Mars

Surveyor program (targeting the Moon),
73
–
74

Syrtis Major Planum,
31
,
33
,
40
,
40

TECP.
See
Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe

TEGA.
See
Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer

telescopic exploration of Mars,
43
–
44
,
47

measuring upper atmosphere,
19

misinterpretation of,
41

See also
mapping of Mars;
photo section

Tempel 1 (comet),
267

temperatures.
See
weather on Mars

10-K rover at FMARS,
274

Terra Sirenum (crater),
112
,
113

“terrestrial” planets,
32
,
298n3

Tharsis Bulge (volcanic region),
29
–
32
,
76
,
210

THEMIS.
See
Thermal Emission Imaging System

Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe (TECP),
233

Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA),
233
,
235
–
40
,
310n3

See also
photo section

Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS),
158
,
167
,
175

Thermal Emission Spectrometer,
172
,
175

thermal information from Mars Odyssey program,
162
–
63

thermal infrared spectrometer,
262

Thomas Mutch Memorial Station,
96

Time
(magazine),
147

Titan (a moon of Saturn),
33
,
243
–
44

Titan (rocket),
107
,
302n1

Titanic
(movie), cost of,
136

Tomasko, Martin,
243
,
244

TUMS®,
240

UCLA.
See
University of California, Los Angeles

United States Geological Survey (USGS),
79

Universe, The
(JPL newspaper),
133

University of Arizona,
267

and Phoenix program,
229
–
41
,
309
–
10n1

and Peter Smith,
243
–
51

University of California, Los Angeles,
261

University of Colorado,
267
,
273

University of Leicester,
144

University of Southern California,
115

University of Washington,
210

University Valley (Antarctica),
284
–
85

unmanned explorations sent to Mars,
126
,
300n1
(
chap. 4
)

budget for in the 1960s,
73

“faster, better, cheaper” as approach to,
124
,
136
–
37
,
139
,
152
,
155
,
157
,
231

future potential missions,
292
–
94

Great Galactic Ghoul impact on failures,
147
–
55

timeline of mission failures,
148
–
50

use of “Big Dumb Landers,”
20
,
126

See also
longevity of Mars missions; Mariner program; Mars Climate Orbiter; Mars Exploration Rovers mission; Mars Express; Mars Global Surveyor program; Mars Observer program; Mars Odyssey program; Mars Polar Lander; Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter program; Mars Science Laboratory project; Pathfinder mission; Phoenix lander; Soviet Union's space programs; Viking program

Uranus (planet),
267

USGS.
See
United States Geological Survey

Utah desert as a research site for the Mars Society,
286
–
87

Utopia Planitia (Nowhere Plain) (landing site for Viking 2 lander),
25
,
87
,
302n2

See also
photo section

Valles Marineris,
30
,
76
,
145

See also
photo section

Vastitas Borealis (Northern Waste),
234

Venus (planet),
267

Magellan Venus project,
190

Mariner 2 flyby of,
52
,
57

myths about surface of,
101

Soviet Union's attempts to
probe,
57
,
107
,
143
,
297n1
,
306n1

as a “terrestrial” planet,
298n3

Vesta (asteroid),
267

Victoria Crater,
205
,
219
–
23
,
224
,
225
,
226

“bathtub ring,”
222

Cape Verde.
See
photo section

Duck Bay,
221

See also
photo section

Viking program,
133
,
152
,
166
,
205
,
283

compared to Phoenix lander,
232
,
234

and Mariner program,
64
,
77

and MRO,
190
,
199

and the search for life on Mars,
83
–
97
,
263
,
275
,
284

experiments planned,
84
,
88
–
89
,
93
,
95
,
100
–
101
,
276

Norman Horowitz's efforts to find,
99
–
105

use of redundancy in planning,
307n1
(
chap. 18
)

Viking 1 lander,
17
–
25
,
124
,
126
,
253
,
297n1
.
See also
photo section

aeroshell,
18
,
19
,
124
,
135

different landing technique used by Pathfinder,
124
–
25
,
135

first images of Viking 1's footpad,
22
,
89
–
90

problems encountered,
91
–
94
,
96
–
97

Viking 1 orbiter,
17
,
20
,
23
,
112
,
126
,
205
,
210

deactivation of,
96

photographic surveys of Mars,
21
,
25
,
85
,
110
,
125
.
See also
photo section

Viking 2 lander,
25
,
87
,
124
,
126
,
181
,
234
,
253
.
See also
photo section

depiction of Martian explorer revisiting site of landing.
See also
photo section

different landing technique used by Pathfinder,
124

end of mission,
96

Viking 2 orbiter,
205
,
210

photographic surveys of Mars,
25
,
85
,
110
,
125
,
126
.
See also
photo section

Viking life-science lab,
256

Viking sampler arm,
85
,
88
,
92
,
93
,
302n3

visual target tracking,
220
–
21

volcanic activity on Mars,
29
–
33
,
54
,
69
,
120
,
131

Mariner 9 discovering volcanoes,
75
,
76
–
77
,
80

and melted ice,
204

MGS confirming widespread volcanism,
111

See also
names of specific volcanoes, i.e., Arsia Mons, Tharsis Bulge, etc. ;
photo section

Von Braun, Wernher,
291

Voyager program,
121
,
134
,
190
,
243
,
267

vugs (empty areas),
183

War of the Worlds, The
(1953 movie),
49

War of the Worlds, The (Wells),
48
–
49

water on Mars,
66
,
211

canals of Mars theories,
43
–
47
,
55

early misunderstandings about,
34

leading to major features' names,
33

hydrated materials found,
145
,
202
–
204

as an indicator of possible life,
181
,
204
.
See also
life on Mars

meltwater,
34
,
103

Mount Wilson Observatory data that de-Lowellized beliefs about Mars,
102
–
103

new discoveries of water,
34
–
35
,
110
–
11
,
183

finding evidence of flowing water,
185

finding hematite,
111
,
183
,
213
,
216
,
262
,
302
–
303n2

finding that Mars had water at one time,
104

formation of rocks,
213
,
216
,
224

and Mariner
9
,
191

and Mars Odyssey,
158
,
160
,
163
–
64
,
167
–
68

measuring northern ice cap,
202

and MER,
183
,
185
,
190
–
91
,
262

and MGS,
112
,
112
,
118

new equipment to look for,
196
–
97

and Pathfinder,
128

and sedimentation,
182

subsurface water,
145
–
46

planning for contingency of no water on Mars,
103

spectroscopic analyses of,
45

water ice,
64
,
145
,
163
,
167
–
68
,
203
,
238
.
See also
photo section

ice layer under northern plains,
247
–
48

and the Phoenix lander,
239
,
240
,
249
–
50

recent melting of water snow,
161

water ice in soil.
See
permafrost

wide distribution of,
163

water vapor,
238

water-worn features found,
77
,
110

“wave of darkening,”
34
,
58

WCL.
See
wet chemistry lab

weather on Mars,
90
–
91
,
110
,
197
,
211
,
221
–
22
,
233
–
34

active meteorological system,
163

clouds,
24
,
29
,
76
,
85
,
130
,
220
,
298n4

dust clouds,
75
,
75
–
76
,
80
,
206
–
207

dust storms,
75
,
75
–
76
,
78
,
80
,
85
,
91
,
210
,
221
–
22
.
See also
photo section

seasons,
34
,
40
,
69
,
161
,
197
,
277

winter,
163
,
219
,
227
,
235
.
See also
photo section

temperatures,
125
,
126
,
130
,
162
,
163
,
200
,
235

impact of on Pathfinder,
129
,
131

THEMIS used to map temperatures,
158
,
167

warmer and wetter in first billion years,
191
,
216

winds,
34
,
55
,
124
,
223
,
298
–
99n4
.
See also
photo section

aeolian (wind-sculpted) features found,
77
,
110

study of windblown dust,
175

See also
atmosphere on Mars; permafrost;
photo section