Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East (69 page)
Read Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East Online
Authors: Robin Wright
8.
Ellen Laipson, “Assessing the Long-Term Challenges,” The Stimson Center, www.stimson.org, Sept. 2002.
9.
Bill Keller, “The Sunshine Warrior,”
The New York Times Magazine,
Sept. 22, 2002.
10.
Audrey Gillan, “The Regrets of the Man Who Brought Down Saddam,”
The Guardian,
Mar. 19, 2007.
11.
Helen Chapin Metz, ed.,
A Country Study: Iraq,
Library of Congress, Nov. 8, 2005.
12.
Islam was not the only religion in the new Iraq. When the country was carved out of the Ottoman empire, one third of Baghdad was Jewish. Modern Iraq’s first finance minister was Jewish, as was much of the symphony orchestra and chamber of commerce. Christian denominations included Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Catholics.
13.
Abd el Karim al Uzri, “The Problem of Governance in Iraq,” self-published, London, 1991, pp. 2–9; and Ali Allawi,
The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace
(New Haven Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007), p. 17.
14.
Ronald L. Kuipers, “Entrance to the Ruins of Babylon,” in
A Country Study: Iraq,
Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Library of Congress, May 1988.
15.
Ali Allawi,
The Occupation of Iraq,
p. 162.
16.
In the most extensive advance planning, a panel of Iraqis organized by the State Department in the Future of Iraq Project recommended that 100,000 soldiers should form the nucleus of a new defensive military force. Special Forces should be adapted for work in counterterrorism, antinarcotics, and peacekeeping. Intelligence units could work with American forces in cleaning up any postwar security problems. Military police could focus on internal vulnerabilities, such as pipeline security. Conscripts could be used for agricultural development, postwar reconstruction, and the serious environmental damage that was part of Saddam’s legacy.
17.
Mark Fineman, Warren Vieth, and Robin Wright, “Dissolving Iraqi Army Seen by Many as a Costly Move,”
Los Angeles Times,
Aug. 24, 2003.
18.
Mark Fineman, Robin Wright, and Doyle McManus, “Washington’s Battle Plan: Preparing for War, Stumbling to Peace,
Los Angeles Times,
July 18, 2003.
19.
Council on Foreign Relations, Washington, D.C., Apr. 10, 2007.
20.
Mark Fineman, Warren Vieth, and Robin Wright, “Dissolving Iraqi Army Seen by Many as a Costly Move.”
21.
Ibid.
22.
Council on Foreign Relations.
23.
“Iraq War, the Notable Quotes, Reuters, Mar. 8, 2007.
24.
Ali Allawi,
The Occupation of Iraq,
p. 393.
25.
The shrine was also one of the places where Shiites believe the twelfth and final imam, the Mahdi, went into occultation, or hiding, to return before the Day of Judgment to deliver perfect justice.
26.
Nancy A. Youssef, “These Tatoos Aren’t Artful—They Help Identify Iraq’s Dead,” McClatchy Newspapers, Nov. 1, 2006.
27.
Leila Fadel and Mohammed al Dulaimy, “Violence, Fear Pervade Once-Vibrant Baghdad,” McClatchy Newspapers, Mar. 18, 2007.
28.
Ali Allawi,
The Occupation of Iraq,
p. 457.
29.
Ibid., pp. 459–60.
30.
Ibid.
31.
Audrey Gillan, “The Regrets of the Man Who Brought Down Saddam,”
The Guardian,
Mar. 19, 2007.
32.
Vanessa Arrington, “Iraqi Political Cartoonists, Free from Fear of Saddam, Now Face Death Threats from Extremists,” Associated Press, May 13, 2006.
33.
Cameron W. Barr, and Jon Cohen, “Poll Shows Iraqis Feel Quality of Life Has Plunged,”
The Washington Post,
Mar. 19, 2007.
34.
Solomon Moore, “A Battlefield Called School: Iraq Violence Threatens Teachers and Students: Campuses are Closing,”
Los Angeles Times,
Dec. 16, 2006.
35.
“A Look at the Iraqi Refugee Situation,” Associated Press, Feb. 12, 2007; and Hamza Hendawi, “Iraq War Spawns a Growing Refugee Problem for Its Neighbors,” Associated Press, Feb. 4, 2007.
36.
Karin Brulliard, “Iraq Reimposes Freeze on Medical Diplomas in Bid to Keep Doctors,”
The Washington Post,
May 5, 2007.
37.
Christian Berthesen, “Study: One-third of Iraqis Live in Poverty,”
Los Angeles Times,
Feb. 19, 2007; and “Iraq: Unemployment and Violence Increase Poverty,” UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Oct. 17, 2006.
38.
At its peak in the 1970s, the country with the world’s third-largest oil reserves produced 3.7 million barrels per day. Production varied, but on the war’s fourth anniversary, it produced just over half that—about 2.1 million barrels per day.
39.
Charles J. Hanley, “Bush Plan’s $1 Billion in Aid Would Make Small Dent in Iraq’s Needs,” Associated Press, Jan. 14, 2007.
40.
Cameron W. Barr, and Jon Cohen, “Poll Shows Iraqis Feel Quality of Life Has Plunged,”
The Washington Post,
Mar. 19, 2007.
41.
“Key Figures About Iraq Since the War Began in March 2003,” Associated Press, Mar. 1, 2007.
42.
Laith Hammoudi, “Traditional Mud Oven Makes a Comeback in Iraq,” McClatchy Newspapers, Mar. 8, 2007.
43.
John F. Burns, “U.S. Finds Insurgency Has Funds to Sustain Itself,”
The New York Times,
Nov. 26, 2006.
44.
Hamza Hendawi, “Egyptian Activists Turn from Democracy Campaign to Bitterness at Israel and the U.S.,” Associated Press, Sept. 14, 2006.
45.
Capitol Hill Conference Series on U.S. Middle East Policy, Hart Senate Office Buildling, Apr. 22, 2005. The poll was conducted by Zogby International and Shibley Telhami, who holds the Anwar Sadat Chair of Peace and Development at the University of Maryland and is a fellow at the Brookings Institution’s Saban Center for Middle East Policy.
46.
Carol Giacomo, “Polls Show Arabs Dislike Bush, See U.S. as a Threat,” Reuters, Feb. 8, 2007.
47.
“Kuwait Marchers Slam Lebanon War, Back Hezbollah,” Reuters, Aug. 7, 2006.
48.
The twenty-five countries were Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, Egypt, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Italy, Kenya, Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, South Korea, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States.
49.
Keith Sullivan, “Worldwide Poll Shows Most Dislike U.S. Policy,”
The Washington Post,
Jan. 22, 2007.
50.
Rami Khouri, “The Great Arab Unraveling,”
The Jordan Times,
Mar. 2, 2007.
ARTICLES AND REPORTS
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