Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East (68 page)

22.
Michael Slackman, “Winner in Iran Calls for Unity; Reformists Reel,”
The New York Times,
June 26, 2005.

23.
Shaul Bakhash, “Iran’s Unlikely President,”
The New York Review of Books,
vol. 45, no. 17, Nov. 5, 1998.

24.
Nasser Karimi, “Iran’s President Bans Western Music on Radio and Television,” Associated Press, Dec. 19, 2005.

25.
“Iran’s Revolutionary Manager: Ahmadinejad in his own words,” Agence France Presse, June 25, 2005.

26.
Karl Vick, “A Man of the People’s Needs and Wants; Ahmadinejad Praised in Iran as Caring Leader,”
The Washington Post,
June 3, 2006.

27.
Neil MacFarquar, “Iran’s New Ideal: Small Families,”
International Herald Tribune,
Sept. 9, 2006.

28.
Anthony Shadid, “Iran’s Population Program Cited as a Model,”
Associated Press,
Feb. 6, 1995.

29.
Robert Tait, “Ahmadinejad Urges Iranian Baby Boom to Challenge West,”
The Guardian,
Oct. 23, 2006.

30.
Ibid.

31.
www.ahmadinejad.ir/en/autobiography.

32.
Robin Wright, “Chemical Arms’ Effects Linger Long After War,”
Los Angeles Times,
Nov. 19, 2002.

33.
Robin Wright, “Years After Exposure, Germ Warfare Victims Deteriorate,”
Los Angeles Times,
Nov. 27, 2002. In a declassified report, the CIA estimated in 1991 that Iran suffered more than 50,000 casualties, including untold thousands of deaths, from Iraq’s use of several chemical weapons. But Iran claims the tally has since soared as both troops and civilians have developed the telltale symptoms up to fifteen years later because low-dose exposure deferred physical deterioration or collapse.

34.
Brenda Shaffer, “Iran at the Nuclear Threshold,”
Arms Control Today,
November 2003; and interview with Robert Einhorn, former State Department Assistant Secretary for Nonproliferation, Apr. 9, 2007.

35.
Ali Akbar Dareini, “Iran Issues New Bank Note with Nuclear Symbol, Amid Standoff with the West,” Associated Press, Mar. 12, 2007.

36.
http://www.ahmadinejad.ir

37.
John Daniszewski, “Iran’s Runner-Up Puts Fundamentalists in the Race,”
Los Angeles Times,
June 21, 2005.

38.
Paul Hughes, “Iran President Paves the Way for Arabs’ Imam Return,”
Reuters,
Nov. 17, 2005.

39.
Interview with Kenneth Katzman, March 2007; and Kenneth Katzman,
The Warriors of Islam: Iran’s Revolutionary Guards
(Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993).

40.
Anthony Cordesman and Martin Kleiber,
Iran’s Assymetric Warfighting Capabilities
(Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Affairs, 2007).

41.
Ibid.

42.
“Quds Force: Iranian Regime’s Instrument for Extraterritorial Terror Activities,” National Council of Resistance of Iran, Dec. 26, 2006, http://www.ncr-iran.org/content/view/2686/69.

43.
Anthony Cordesman and Martin Kleiber,
Iran’s Assymetric Warfighting Capabilities.
Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Affairs. 2007.

CHAPTER NINE: MOROCCO: THE COMPROMISES

1.
Thomas Carothers, “The ‘Sequencing’ Fallacy: How Democracies Emerge,”
Journal of Democracy,
vol. 18, no. 1, Jan. 2007.

2.
Hitler actually never won more than forty-four percent in popular elections. He came to power through coalitions.

3.
“Human Rights in Morocco,” press conference of Driss Benzekri, National Press Club, Washington D.C., Jan. 19, 2006.

4.
Geoff Pingree and Lisa Abend, “Morocco Moves Gradually to Address Past Repression,”
The Christian Science Monitor,
Sept. 23, 2005.

5.
“Gradual Reform in Morocco,”
The Economist,
Aug. 7, 2004.

6.
Marina Ottaway, “Morocco: From Top-down Reform to Democratic Transition?” Carnegie Paper Middle East Series No. 71, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Oct. 2006.

7.
Charles Levinson, “Letter from Rabat,” MEIonline.com, Sept. 15, 2005.

8.
Scott MacLeod, “Whatever I Do, It Will Never Be Good Enough,”
Time Europe,
vol. 155, no. 15, June 26, 2000.

9.
“Human Rights after the Casablanca Bombings,” Human Rights Watch, Oct. 2004.

10.
Dana Priest, “CIA Holds Terror Suspects in Secret Prisons: Debate Is Growing Within Agency About Legality and Morality of Overseas System Set Up After 9/11,”
The Washington Post,
Nov. 2, 2005.

11.
“Morocco: Counter-terror Crackdown Sets Back Rights Progress,” Human Rights Watch, Oct. 21, 2004.

12.
Fatima Mernissi,
Dreams of Trespass: Tales of a Harem Girlhood
(New York: Basic Books, 1994), p. 78.

13.
Ibid., p. 22.

14.
Translations of the Koran vary (as do translations of the Bible). The authorized English translation of Sura (or chapter) 41, verse 34 reads: “Not equal is the good response and the bad response. You shall resort to the nicest possible response. Thus, the one who used to be your enemy may become your best friend.”

15.
Fatima Mernissi,
Dreams of Trespass
pp. 118–19.

16.
Ibid., pp. 200–1.

17.
Ted Thornton, “Qasim Amin,”
History of the Middle East Database,
Aug. 7, 2006; and Susan Muaddi Darraj, “Understanding the Other Sister: The Case of Arab Feminism,”
Monthly Review,
vol. 53, no. 10, Mar. 2002.

18.
Fatima Mernissi,
The Veil and the Male Elite: A Feminist’s Interpretation of Women’s Rights in Islam
(Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books, 1987), p. 102.

19.
Fatima Mernissi,
Women and Islam: An Historical and Theological Enquiry
(Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 1991).

20.
The Arab Human Development Report 2005
(New York: The United Nations, Dec. 2006), pp. 9, 106–7.

21.
Ibid., pp. 7–8, 72–83, 305–7. In contrast, only thirty-eight percent of Moroccan men are illiterate.

22.
Iman Ghazalla,
Sculpting the Rock of Women’s Rights: The Role of Women’s Organizations in Promoting the National Plan of Action To Integrate Women in Development in Morocco
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, 2001).

23.
“Morocco Gets First Women Preachers,” Agence France Press, Apr. 28, 2006.

24.
Rabea Naciri, “Morocco,” in
Women’s Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Citizenship and Justice,
Sameena Nazir and Leigh Tomppert, eds. (New York: Freedom House, 2005).

25.
“Morocco: Hidden Child Workers Face Abuse: Girls Working as Domestics Denied Basic Rights.” Human Rights Watch, Dec. 20. 2005.

26.
Middle East Policy Council, Capitol Hill Conference Series on U.S. Middle East Policy, Hart Senate Office Building, Apr. 22, 2005.

27.
Rachid Idrissi Kaitouni, “The Moroccan Parliamentary System,” 107th Interparliamentary Conference, Marrakech, Mar. 17–23, 2002.

28.
Roula Khalaf, “Morocco Sees the Rise of ‘Acceptable’ Islamist Party,
The Financial Times,
May 23, 2006.

29.
Saadeddine Othmani, “Islamist Political Parties and Winning the Challenge of Democratic Reform,” Paper delivered at the 2006 annual conference of the Center for the Study of Islam and Democracy, Washington, D.C., May 5, 2006.

30.
“Islamic Extremism: Common Concern for Muslim and Western Publics: Support for Terror Wanes Among Muslim Publics,” Pew Research Center Global Survey, July 14, 2005.

31.
“Landmarks in the Party’s History,” on the Justice and Development Party Web site, http://www.pjd.ma.

32.
Saadeddine Othmani, “Islamist Political Parties.”

33.
“In the Spotlight: Moroccan Combatant Group,” Center for Defense Information, May 21, 2004; “Fighting Back: The Hunt for Terrorists in Spain and France,”
The Economist,
Apr. 7, 2004; and Peter Finn and Keith B. Richburg, “Madrid Probe Turns to Islamic Cell in Morocco,”
The Washington Post,
Mar. 20, 2004.

34.
Marina Ottaway, “Morocco: From Top-down Reform to Democratic Transition?” Carnegie Paper, Middle East Series, no. 71, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Oct. 2006.

35.
Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, “Islamism, Moroccan Style: The Ideas of Sheikh Yassine,”
Middle East Quarterly,
vol. 10, no. 1, Winter 2003.

36.
Geoff Pingree and Lisa Abend, “Morocco’s Rising Islamist Challenge,”
The Christian Science Monitor,
Nov. 23, 2005.

CHAPTER TEN: IRAQ AND THE UNITED STATES: THE FURIES

1.
Joshua Landis, “Riad al Turk Interview: 11 March 2005,” www.syriacomment.com, Mar. 19, 2005.

2.
BBC interview by Lise Doucet, Aug. 8, 2006.

3.
Country studies,
CIA Factbook.

4.
“Whatever Happened to the Iraqi Kurds?” Human Rights Watch, Mar. 11, 1991.

5.
Saddam’s intervention also forced the United States to abandon a large CIA covert operation supporting an opposition coalition based in Kurdistan.

6.
Robin Wright, “Families Are Harassed or Starved Out: A Decree Allows Minorities to Change Their Ethnicity,”
Los Angeles Times,
Dec. 3, 2002.

7.
Isam al Khafaji, “The Myth of Iraqi Exceptionalism,”
Middle East Policy,
vol. 7, no. 4, October 2000; Phoebe Marr, “Comment on Isam al-Khafaji’s ‘The Myth of Iraqi Exceptionalism,’
Middle East Policy,
vol. 7, no. 4, October 2000; and George Packer, “Dreaming of Democracy,”
The New York Times Magazine,
Mar. 2, 2003.