Empire of the Sikhs (39 page)

12
Hari Ram Gupta,
History of the Sikhs,
Vol. 5, p. 10.

13
Sir Lepel Griffin,
Rulers of India: Ranjit Singh
[1911], S. Chand and Co., New Delhi, 1967, p. 98.

14
Ibid.
pp. 79–80.

15
Bikrama Jit Hasrat,
The Life and Times of Ranjit Singh: A Saga of Benevolent Despotism,
V.V. Research Institute Book Agency, Hoshiarpur, 1977, p. 35.

16
Hari Ram Gupta,
History of the Sikhs,
Vol. 5, p. 16.

17
Henry T. Prinsep,
The Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab and Political Life of Muha-Raja Runjeet Singh
[1834], Military Orphan Press, Calcutta, 1965, p.180.

18
Ibid.

19
Syad Muhammad Latif,
History of the Punjab,
p. 352.

20
Hari Ram Gupta,
History of the Sikhs,
Vol. 5, p. 448.

21
K.K. Khullar,
Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
Prominent Printers, New Delhi, 1980, p. 184.

22
Hari Ram Gupta,
History of the Sikhs,
Vol. 5, p. 22.

23
Based on 1881 census figures which placed Punjab's population at 22 million.

24
Baron Charles Hugel,
Kashmir and the Punjab
[1845], Light and Life Publishers, Jammu, 1972, p. 288.

25
General Sir John J.H. Gordon,
The Sikhs
[1904], Panjab University (Languages Department), Chandigarh, 1988,
pp. 86–7.

26
Harbans Singh,
Guru Gobind Singh,
Sterling Publishers, New Delhi, 1979,
pp. 46–7.

27
Fauja Singh and A.C. Arora,
Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Politics, Society and Economy,
Panjabi University, Patiala, 1984, p. 316.

28
K.K. Khullar,
Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
p. 50.

C
HAPTER
3: Emergence of the Sikh Kingdom

1
Teja Singh (ed.),
Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial,
p. 218.

2
Henry T. Prinsep,
Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab,
p. 179.

3
W.G. Osborne,
The Court and Camp of Runjeet Sing,
Henry Colburn, London, 1840,
pp. 113–14.

4
K.K. Khullar,
Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
p. 201.

5
G.L. Chopra (quoting from the
Risala-i-Sahib Numa
by Ganesh Das),
Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial,
p. 121.

6
Hardit Singh Dhillon,
Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial,
p. 123.

7
W.L. McGregor,
History of the Sikhs
[1846], 2 vols, Rupa, New Delhi, 2007, Vol. 1, p. 220.

8
Sir Alexander Burnes,
Cabool: A Personal Narrative of a Journey to, and Residence in That City, the Years 1836-1838
[1841], Indus Publications, Karachi, Vol. 2, 1986, p. 28.

9
Captain Leopold Von Orlich,
Travels in India Including Sinde and the Punjab
[1845], 2 vols, Vol. 1, Usha Publications, New Delhi, 1985,
pp. 171–2.

10
Charles Metcalfe, Despatch No. 25, 1 October 1808, quoted in Bikrama Jit Hasrat,
The Life and Times of Ranjit Singh: A Saga of Benevolent Despotism,
V.V. Research Institute Book Agency, Hoshiarpur, 1977, p. 314.

11
Philip Woodruff,
The Men Who Ruled India,
Jonathan Cape, London, Vol. 1:
The Founders,
1953, p. 200.

12
S.S. Thorburn,
The Punjab in Peace and War
[1883], Panjab University (Languages Department), Chandigarh, 1989, p. 3.

13
Ibid., p. 4.

14
Bikrama Jit Hasrat,
Life and Times of Ranjit Singh,
p. 320.

15
Ian Heath,
The Sikh Army 1799-1849,
Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2005, p. 7.

16
Sita Ram Kohli, ‘The Army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh',
Journal of
Indian History,
Vols 1-5, 1921-6; cited by Heath, ibid., p. 14.

17
Quoted in Ian Heath,
The Sikh Army 1799-1849,
p. 34.

18
W.G. Osborne,
The Court and Camp of Runjeet Singh,
p. 54.

19
Henry Steinbach,
The Country of the Sikhs
[1846], KLM Book House, New Delhi, 1978, p. 69.

20
W.G. Osborne,
The Court and Camp of Runjeet Singh,
p. 55.

21
Records of the Ludhiana Agency
(Punjab Government Press) [1911], Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 2006, Preface, p. i.

22
Victor Kiernan,
Metcalfe's Mission to Lahore (1808-1809),
Punjab Government Record Office, Lahore, Monograph No. 1, 1950, p. 4.

23
Patwant Singh,
The Sikhs,
John Murray, London, 1999,
pp. 111–12.

24
Bikrama Jit Hasrat,
The Life and Times of Ranjit Singh,
pp. 80–81.

25
Gurmukh Nihal Singh, ‘A Note on the Policy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Towards the British',
Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial,
p. 163.

26
Quoted in K.K. Khullar,
Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
p. 119

27
Patwant Singh,
The Sikhs,
p. 119

28
Monisha Bharadwaj,
Great Diamonds of India,
India Book House, Mumbai, 2002, p. 24.

29
Iradj Amini,
Koh-i-Noor,
Roli Books, New Delhi, 1994, p. 27.

30
Hari Ram Gupta,
History of the Sikhs,
Vol. 5, p. 102.

31
‘This gun was made in 1757. It is 14 ft long and of 9-in. bore, and was forged under the orders of Ahmad Shah Abdali, after collecting brass & copper vessels from the homes of the Hindus of Lahore as a punishment …' Gopal Singh,
A History of the Sikh People (1469-1978),
World Sikh University Press, New Delhi, 1979, p. 452.

32
Ahmed Nabi Khan,
Multan: History and Architecture,
Institute of Islamic History, Culture and Civilization, Islamabad, 1983, p. 141.

33
J.S. Grewal, ‘From the Treaty of Amritsar to the Conquest of Multan: The Evidence of Umdat-ut-Tawarikh, in Fauja Singh and A.C. Arora (eds),
Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Politics, Society and Economy,
Panjabi University, Patiala, 1984,
pp. 15–16.

34
Hari Ram Gupta,
History of the Sikhs,
Vol. 5, p. 128.

35
Charles Baron Von Hugel,
Kashmir Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh
[1845], Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1984, p. iv.

36
Gazetteer of the Peshawar District 1897-98,
Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 1989, p. 65.

37
Ibid., p. 73.

38
Ahmad Hasan Dani,
Peshawar: Historic City of the Frontier,
Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 1995, p. 15.

C
HAPTER
4: Campaigns, Conquests and Consolidation

1
Hari Ram Gupta,
History of the Sikhs,
Vol. 5, pp. 387–8.

2
Joseph Davey Cunningham,
A History of the Sikhs: From the Origins of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej
[1849], S. Chand and Co. New Delhi, 1966, p. 153.

3
Sir Lepel Griffin,
Rulers of India: Ranjit Singh,
p. 127.

4
Ibid., p. 115.

5
Sir Lepel Griffin,
The Punjab Chiefs
[1890], Civil and Military Press, Lahore, Vol. 1, 1909, p. 260.

6
W.G. Osborne,
The Court and Camp of Runjeet Sing,
pp. 74, 75.

7
Sir Lepel Griffin,
The Punjab Chiefs,
Vol. 1, p. 296.

8
K.K. Khullar,
Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
pp. 39–40.

9
Joseph Davey Cunningham,
A History of the Sikhs,
p.185.

10
Ibid., p. 184.

11
R.R. Sethi,
The Mighty and the Shrewd Maharaja,
S. Chand and Co., New Delhi, p. 136.

12
Henry T. Prinsep,
Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab,
pp. 166, 167-8.

13
Bikrama Jit Hasrat,
The Life and Times of Ranjit Singh,
p. 150.

14
Ibid., p. 168.

15
Teja Singh (ed.),
Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial,
p. 40.

16
Hari Ram Gupta,
History of the Sikhs,
Vol. 5, p. 262.

17
Henry T. Prinsep,
Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab,
p. 183.

18
Bikrama Jit Hasrat,
The Life and Times of Ranjit Singh,
p. 364.

19
Records of the Ludhiana Agency
[1911], Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 2006,
pp. 279–82.

C
HAPTER
5: The Unabashed Sensualist

1
Fakir Syed Waheeduddin,
The Real Ranjit Singh,
Panjabi University, Patiala, 1981, p. 171.

2
Henry T. Prinsep,
Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab,
pp. 84–5.

3
Baron Charles Hugel,
Kashmir and the Punjab,
p. 311.

4
Captain Leopold von Orlich,
Travels in India Including Sinde and the Punjab,
Vol. 1, p. 173.

5
Joseph Davey Cunningham,
A History of the Sikhs,
p. 159.

6
Ibid., p. 160.

7
Fakir Syed Waheeduddin,
The Real Ranjit Singh,
pp. 170, 171, 172.

8
Ibid., p. 169.

9
Lala Sohan Lal Suri,
Umdat-Ut-Tawarikh (Chronicle of the Reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh)
[1889], Daftar-III, Parts 1-5, S. Chand and Co. New Delhi, 1961, p. 99.

10
Syad Mohammad Latif,
Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities,
Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore, 1892, pp. 249, 250.

11
W.G. Osborne,
The Court and Camp of Runjeet Sing,
pp. 96–7.

12
Fakir Syed Waheeduddin,
The Real Ranjit Singh,
p. 175.

13
W.G. Osborne,
The Court and Camp of Runjeet Sing,
pp. 85–6.

14
Ibid., pp. 198, 199.

15
Henry Edward Fane,
Five Years in India
[1842], Deepak, Gurgaon, Vol. 1, 1989, p. 170.

16
Hari Ram Gupta,
History of the Sikhs,
Vol. 5, pp. 537, 538.

17
Fakir Syed Waheeduddin,
The Real Ranjit Singh,
p. 165.

18
Sir Lepel Griffin,
The Punjab Chiefs,
Civil and Military Gazette Press, Lahore, 1890, p. 388.

19
C.H. Payne,
A Short History of the Sikhs,
Thomas Nelson and Sons, London, 1915, p. 99.

20
Syad Mohammad Latif,
History of the Punjab,
p. 423.

21
Ibid.

22
A gold coin then worth 15 rupees.

23
Lala Sohan Lal Suri,
Umdat-ut-Tawarikh,
pp. 331–2.

24
Syad Muhammad Latif,
History of the Punjab,
p. 480.

25
Ibid., p. 481.

26
Harbans Singh (ed.),
The Encyclopedia of Sikhism
(4 vols), Panjabi University, Patiala, Vol. 2, 1996, p. 9.

27
Joseph Davey Cunningham,
A History of the Sikhs,
p. 193.

28
K.K. Khullar,
Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
p. 151.

29
Ibid.

30
Ibid., p. 154.

31
Ibid.

32
Ibid.

C
HAPTER
6: Patron of the Arts and Minter Extraordinary

1
W.G. Archer,
Paintings of the Sikhs,
Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1966, pp. 19, 26.

2
Mulk Raj, Anand (ed.),
Maharaja Ranjit Singh as Patron of the Arts,
Marg Publications, Bombay, 1981, p. 96.

3
Lieutenant William Barr,
Journal of a March from Delhi to Cabul
[1844], Panjabi University (Languages Department), Patiala, 1970, p. 57.

4
Mulk Raj, Anand (ed.),
Maharaja Ranjit Singh as Patron of the Arts,
p. 54.

5
Patwant Singh,
The Golden Temple,
Time Books International, New Delhi, 1989,
pp. 102–3.

6
Lala Sohan Lal Suri,
Umdat-Ut-Tawarikh,
Daftar-III, Parts 1-5 [1839], S. Chand and Co. New Delhi, 1961, p. 435.

7
T.S. Randhawa,
The Sikhs: Images of a Heritage,
Prakash Books, New Delhi, 2000, p. 23.

8
F.S. Aijazuddin,
Sikh Portraits by European Artists,
Sotheby Parke Bernet Publications, London, 1979, p. 21.

9
Lieutenant William Barr,
Journal of a March from Delhi to Cabul,
p. 65.

10
Ganda Singh,
The Punjab in 1839-40,
Panjabi University, Patiala, 1952, p. 17.

11
W.G. Archer,
Paintings of the Sikhs,
p. 9.

12
W.L. McGregor,
The History of the Sikhs
[1846], Rupa, New Delhi, 2007, Vol. 1, p. 223.

13
Baron Charles Hugel,
Kashmir and the Punjab,
pp. 302–3.

14
Ibid., p. 304.

15
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,
December 1909, Vol. 5 (new series).

16
Syad Muhammad Latif,
Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities,
p. 224.

17
British Parliamentary Papers,
Report Relating to a Gold Currency for India,
Resolution No. 1325, Financial Department, Government of India, Simla, 12 July 1864 (published 1865).

18
What Major Edwards does not make clear in his covering note to the resident at Lahore is that Raja Sher Singh Attariwala did not desert to the enemy (the remnants of Ranjit Singh's army were by no means ‘the enemy') and that ‘the real interests' of Maharaja Dalip Singh were hardly served by the British exiling him from the land of his birth and his heritage.