Forgotten Wars (98 page)

62.
Richard Aldrich,
Intelligence and the war against Japan: Britain, America and the politics of secret service
(Cambridge, 2000), pp. 315–16.

63.
Abu Hanifah,
Tales of a revolution: a leader of the Indonesian revolution looks back
(Sydney, 1972), p. 191.

64.
Bogarde,
Backcloth
, p. 167.

65.
William H. Frederick,
Visions and heat: the making of the Indonesian revolution
(Athens, OH, 1989), p. 200.

66.
Idrus, ‘Surabaja’, trans. S. U. Nababan and Benedict Anderson,
Indonesia
, 5 (1968), p. 1.

67.
Rudolf Mrázek,
Sjahrir: politics and exile in Indonesia
(Ithaca, 1994), pp. 669–70.

68.
A. J. F. Doulton,
The Fighting Cock: being the history of the 23rd Indian Division, 1942–1947
(Aldershot, 1951), p. 230.

69.
William H. Frederick, ‘The man who knew too much: Ch. O. van der Plas and the future of Indonesia, 1927–1950’, in Hans Antöv and Stein
Tønesson (eds.),
Imperial policy and South East Asian Nationalism
(London, 1995), p. 53.

70.
Laurens van der Post,
The admiral’s baby
(London, 1996), p. 225.

71.
F. S. V. Donnison,
British military administration in the Far East
(London, 1956), pp. 413–24.

72.
Frederick, ‘The man who knew too much’, p. 51.

73.
Van der Post,
The admiral’s baby
, p. 220.

74.
Anthony Reid, ‘Pictures at an exhibition’, in Antöv and Tønesson (eds.),
Imperial policy
, p. 15.

75.
Yong Mun Cheong,
H. J. van Mook and Indonesian independence: a study of his role in Dutch–Indonesian relations, 1945–48
(The Hague, 1982), pp. 8–23.

76.
As shown in a new and detailed study of the campaign, published since this account was completed: Richard McMillan,
The British occupation of Indonesia, 1945–1946: Britain, the Netherlands and the Indonesian Revolution
(London, 2005), revised from his ‘The British occupation of Indonesia, 1945–46’, unpublished PhD dissertation, London University, 2002.

77.
Alberic Stacpoole, ‘Christison, Sir (Alexander Frank) Philip, fourth baronet (1893–1993)’,
Oxford dictionary of national biography
, Oxford, 2004;
http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/51563
, accessed 12 Sept. 2005.

78.
Christison to Mountbatten, 13 October 1945, CAB119/191, TNA. See also Kahin,
Nationalism and revolution in Indonesia
, pp. 141–2.

79.
SACSEA to Chiefs of Staff, 15 October 1945, CAB119/191, TNA.

80.
‘Report on morale of British, Indian and Colonial troops of ALFSEA, November 1945–January 1946’, WO203/4539, TNA.

81.
Testimony of William H. Maaskemp, in Jan A. Krancher (ed.),
The defining years of the Dutch East Indies, 1942–1949: survivors’ accounts of Japanese invasion and enslavement of Europeans and the revolution that created free Indonesia
(London, 1996), p. 84.

82.
Abu Hanifah,
Tales of a revolution
, pp. 194–8. See also McMillan,
British occupation of Indonesia
, pp. 156–64.

83.
Anthony Reid,
The blood of the people: revolution and the end of traditional rule in Northern Sumatra
(Kuala Lumpur, 1979), p. 167.

84.
Kahin,
Nationalism and revolution
, pp. 142–4.

85.
Roadnight, ‘Sleeping with the enemy’.

86.
Takao Fusayama,
A Japanese memoir of Sumatra: love and hatred in the liberation war
(Ithaca, 1993), pp. 102, 136–7; Reid,
The blood of the people
, pp. 166–9, 195.

87.
Dening to Foreign Office, 3 October 1945, CAB119/191, TNA.

88.
Dening to Cabinet, 24 October 1945, CAB121/698, TNA.

89.
SACSEA to Cabinet, 14 October 1945, CAB119/191, TNA.

90.
SACSEA to chiefs of staff, 16 October 1945, ibid.

91.
We have here drawn chiefly on Frederick,
Visions and heat
, pp. 263–9, and Anderson,
Java in a time of revolution
, pp. 151–66.

92.
Idrus, ‘Surabaja’, p. 1.

93.
Timothy Lindsey,
The romance of K’tut Tantri and Indonesia: text and scripts, history and identity
(Kuala Lumpur, 1997), p. 146. For K’tut Tantri’s own highly coloured version,
Revolt in paradise
(New York, 1960), pp. 176–98.

94.
Idrus, ‘Surabaja’, p. 23.

95.
Quoted in Frederick,
Visions and heat
, p. 255.

96.
Doulton,
The Fighting Cock
, p. 253. For recent accounts see John Springhall, ‘“Disaster in Surabaya”: the death of Brigadier Mallaby during the British occupation of Java, 1945–46’,
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
, 24, 3 (1996), pp. 422–43; McMillan,
British occupation of Indonesia
, pp. 31–46.

97.
Foreign Office to Dominion governments, 6 November 1945, CAB121/698, TNA.

98.
SACSEA to Cabinet, 2 November 1945; ARNEI to SACSEAC, 3 November 1945, CAB121/698, TNA.

99.
‘Indonesian version of Brig. Mallaby’s death’, WO203/2455, TNA.

100.
For the Mallaby controversy see J. G. A. Parrott, ‘Who killed Brigadier Mallaby?’,
Indonesia
, 20 (1975), pp. 87–111; Springhall, ‘“Disaster in Surabaya”’. Richard McMillan continues the debate in
British occupation of Indonesia
, pp. 46–52. McMillan’s account is more sympathetic to Mallaby than previous studies.

101.
SEAC to Cabinet, CAB121/698, TNA.

102.
This was certainly the view of Mallaby’s deputy, Major Lewis Pugh; see David Jordan, ‘“A particularly exacting operation”: British forces and the battle of Surabaya, November 1945’,
Small Wars and Insurgencies
, 11, 3 (2000), p. 109.

103.
D. Wehl,
The birth of Indonesia
(London, 1949), pp. 65–7.

104.
AFNEI to ALFSEA, [?]16 November 1945, WO203/2650, TNA.

105.
Idrus, ‘Surabaja’, p. 13.

106.
Christison to Sir Archibald Nye, 23 November 1945, CAB121/698, TNA.

107.
Mrázek,
Sjahrir
, p. 308.

108.
Anderson,
Java in a time of revolution
, pp. 2–10; Reid,
The Indonesian national revolution
, pp. 54–7. For a thoughtful discussion see William H. Frederick, ‘Shadows of an unseen hand: some patterns of violence in the Indonesian revolution, 1945–1949’, in F. Columbijn and T. Lindblad (eds.),
Roots of violence in Indonesia: contemporary violence in historical perspective
(Singapore, 2002), pp. 143–72.

109.
Robert Cribb,
Gangsters and revolutionaries: the Jakarta People’s Militia and the Indonesian revolution, 1945–1949
(Honolulu, 1991).

110.
Abu Hanifah,
Tales of a revolution
, p. 175.

111.
Ibid.

112.
SACSEA to Chiefs of Staff, 22 December 1945, CAB121/699, TNA; Wehl,
Birth of Indonesia
, pp. 77–80.

113.
Raymond (‘Turk’) Westerling,
Challenge to terror
(London, 1952), pp. 41–57.

114.
Mrázek,
Sjahrir
, pp. 274–83.

115.
Martha Gellhorn, ‘Java journey’, in
The face of war
(Harmondsworth, 1991). Mrásek,
Sjahrir
, pp. 209–18.

116.
Frances Gouda with Thijs Brocades Zaalberg,
American visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia: United States foreign policy and Indonesian nationalism, 1920–1949
(Amsterdam, 2002), p. 126.

117.
Woodman’s file has been released to the National Archive, KV2/1609, TNA.

118.
John Coast,
Recruit to revolution: adventure and politics in Indonesia
(London, 1952), pp. 1–25.

119.
Dening to SACSEA, 9 November 1945, CAB121/698, TNA.

120.
Aldrich,
Intelligence and the war against Japan
, pp. 356–7.

121.
Danilyn Fox Rutherford, ‘Trekking to New Guinea: Dutch colonial fantasies of a virgin land, 1900–1942’, in Julia Clancy-Smith and Frances Gouda (eds.),
Domesticating the empire: race, gender and family life in French and Dutch colonialism
(London, 1998), pp. 255–71.

122.
Testimony of Hendrik B. Babtist in Krancher,
The defining years of the Dutch East Indies
, pp. 151–3.

123.
S. Woodburn Kirby,
The war against Japan
, vol. V,
The surrender of Japan
(London, 1969), pp. 334–6. Christison to Sir Archibald Nye, 23 November 1945, CAB121/698; SACSEA to Cabinet, 3 December 1945, CAB121/699, TNA.

124.
The Times
, 29 December 1945.

125.
Doulton,
The Fighting Cock
, pp. 290–1.

126.
Bogarde,
Backcloth
, p. 175; Coldstream,
Dirk Bogarde
, pp. 176–9. The milieu is captured in Bogarde’s first novel,
A gentle occupation
(London, 1980).

127.
Van der Post,
The admiral’s baby
, p. 279.

1.
‘Vernacular Press Digest, No. 4’, 24 November 1945, SNA.

2.
‘Peace or Destruction’,
New Demcracy
, 22 November 1945.

3.
Utusan Melayu
, 30 November 1945.

4.
We have used the account of the Australian Communist Party leader John Lockwood,
Black Armada: Australia & the struggle for Indonesian independence 1942–49
(Sydney, 1975).

5.
Margaret George,
Australia and the Indonesian revolution
(Melbourne, 1980), p. 36.

6.
Batavia to Foreign Office, 6 November 1945, CAB121/698, TNA.

7.
Christopher E. Goscha,
Thailand and the Southeast Asian networks of the Vietnamese revolution, 1885–1954
(London, 1999), ch. 5.

8.
C. C. Chin and Karl Hack (eds.),
Dialogues with Chin Peng: new light on the Malayan Communist Party
(Singapore, 2004), pp. 126–7.

9.
Suryono Darusman,
Singapore and the Indonesian revolution, 1945–50
(Singapore, 1992), ch. 3; Twang Peck Yang,
The Chinese business elite in Indonesia and the transition to independence, 1940–1950
(Kuala Lumpur, 1998).

10.
Yong Mun Cheong,
The Indonesian revolution and the Singapore connection, 1945–1949
(Singapore, 2003), p. 118.

11.
New Democracy
, 14 January 1946.

12.
‘Report on RAPWI in Malaya and Singapore’, 7 January 1946, BMA/ADM/2/34, ANM.

13.
Wim Willems, ‘No sheltering sky: migrant identities of Dutch nationals from Indonesia’, in Andrea L. Smith (ed.),
Europe’s invisible migrants
(Amsterdam, 2003) pp. 33–60.

14.
Quoted in Frances Gouda with Thijs Brocades Zaalberg,
American visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia: United States foreign policy and Indonesian nationalism, 1920–1949
(Amsterdam, 2002), p. 126.

15.
Malayan Security Service, Political Intelligence Journal [MSS/PIJ], 15 July 1946, Dalley Papers, RHO; Commissioner of Police, ‘Dutch–Malay fracas’, 6 July 1946, CSO/2206/46, SNA.

16.
Mustapha Hussain,
Malay nationalism before Umno: the memoirs of Mustapha Hussain, translated by Insun Mustapha and edited by Jomo K. S.
(Kuala Lumpur, 2005), pp. 318–19.