Forgotten Wars (99 page)

17.
We have here drawn on Yong,
The Indonesian revolution and the Singapore connection
, ch. 3.

18.
Khatijah Sidek,
Memoirs of Khatijah Sidek: Puteri Kesateria Bangsa
(Kuala Lumpur, 2001 [1960]), pp. 71–2.

19.
Firdaus Haji Abdullah,
Radical Malay politics: its origins and early development
(Petaling Jaya, 1985), pp. 52–3.

20.
Ahmad Boestamam (trans. William R. Roff),
Carving the path to the summit
(Athens, OH, 1979), p. 40. We are also grateful to Dr Syed Husin Ali for his recollections. For Bose’s influence on Boestamam, see A. J. Stockwell,
British policy and Malay politics during the Malayan Union experiment, 1945–1948
(Kuala Lumpur, 1979), p. 46.

21.
Shamsiah Fakeh,
Memoir Shamsiah Fakeh: dari AWAS ke Rejimen Ke-10
(Bangi, 2004), pp. 34–3; MSS/PIJ, 15 July 1946.

22.
Farish A Noor,
Islam embedded: the historical development of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party PAS (1951–2003)
, vol. I (Kuala Lumpur, 2004), pp. 113–16.

23.
‘Temubual dengan Saudara Abdullah C. D., tokoh nasional tanahair kita’, an interview which appeared in the publication
Suluh Rakyat
in 1988.

24.
Han Suyin, ‘An outline of Malayan Chinese literature’,
Eastern Horizon
, 3, 6 (June, 1964), pp. 6–16;
My house has two doors
(London, 1980), p. 71.

25.
‘Fu-sheng’, ‘A new understanding is indispensable to the Malayan Overseas Chinese’,
New Democracy
, 9 December, 1945.

26.
Victor Purcell, ‘Malaya’s Political Climate VII: 12 December 1945–7 January 1946’, WO203/5302, TNA.

27.
‘Pa-Jen’ [Hu Yuzhi], ‘The emancipation of the Chinese intelligentsia in Malaya’,
Feng Hsia
, 21 January 1946.

28.
Speech by Hu Yu-chih [Hu Yuzhi], ‘Twofold mission of the democratic movement’,
Min Sheng Pau
, 12 October 1945.

29.
T. J. Danaraj,
Japanese invasion of Malaya and Singapore, memoirs of a doctor
(Kuala Lumpur, 1990), pp. 153–4.

30.
Lee Kuan Yew,
The Singapore story
(Singapore, 1998), pp. 89, 138.

31.
Yeo Kim Wah,
Political development in Singapore, 1945–55
(Singapore, 1973), pp. 88–98.

32.
‘The Malayan Democratic Union manifesto’, in Charles Gamba,
The origins of trade unionism in Malaya
(Singapore, 1960), pp. 433–7.

33.
Lim Hong Bee,
Born into war: autobiography of a barefoot colonial boy who grew up to face the challenge of the modern world
(London, 1994), p. 373.

34.
Charles B. McLane,
Soviet strategies in Southeast Asia: an exploration of eastern policy under Lenin and Stalin
(Princeton, 1966), pp. 308, 318.

35.
‘A manifesto to the people of different races for the realisation of democratic policies, issued by the Central Executive Committee of the Malayan Communist Party on 5 February, 1946’,
New Democracy
, 8 February 1946.

36.
Purcell, ‘Malaya’s Political Climate VII’.

37.
Chin Peng,
My side of history
(Singapore, 2004), pp. 157–8.

38.
McLane,
Soviet strategies in Southeast Asia
, pp. 310–12. McLane was one of the few scholars to be given access to the Special Branch’s four-volume,
Basic paper on the Malayan Communist Party
(1950).

39.
Min Sheng Pau
, 8 March 1946.

40.
Sin Chew Jit Poh
, 18 January 1946.

41.
Manicasothy Saravanamuttu,
The Sara saga
(Singapore, n.d. [1969]), p. 132;
New Democracy
, 29 January 1946.

42.
René Onraet to Hone, 6 March 1946, CO537/1579.

43.
P. A. B. McKerron, ‘Minute of the meeting of the local civil labour employment committee, Fort Canning, 5 January 1946’, BMA/DEPT/2/4, ANM.

44.
Diary 29 January 1946 to 1 February 1946, in Philip Ziegler (ed.),
Personal diary of Admiral the Lord Mountbatten: Supreme Allied Commander, South-East Asia, 1943–1946
(London, 1988), p. 289.

45.
‘SAC’s 316th Meeting’, 9 February 1946, Hone Papers, RHO.

46.
Mountbatten to chiefs of staff, 11 February 1946, CO537/1579.

47.
Khong Kim Hoong,
Merdeka: British rule and the struggle for independence in Malaya
(Kuala Lumpur, 1984), p. 60. See also, John Springhall, ‘Mountbatten versus the generals: British military rule of Singapore, 1945–46’,
Journal of Contemporary History
, 34, 4 (2001), pp. 335–52.

48.
Mountbatten to Brazier, 9 March 1946, CO537/1579, TNA.

49.
Mountbatten to Stanley, 26 March 1946, ibid.

50.
Hone to Gater 13 March 1946, ibid.

51.
Ralph Hone to F. S. V. Donnison, 25 March 1953, Hone Papers, RHO.

52.
Hone to Gator, 2 April 1946, CO537/1579, TNA.

53.
Victor Purcell,
The memoirs of a Malayan official
(London, 1965), pp. 353–6.

54.
‘Crisis in Malaya’,
New Democracy
, 21 February 1946.

55.
Mountbatten to George Hall, 4 January 1946, in A. J. Stockwell (ed.),
British documents on the End of Empire: Malaya, part I
(London, 1995), p. 191.

56.
Summarized by Hone to Chinese Consul, Singapore, 8 March 1946, CO537/1580, TNA.

57.
Amy and Richard Haggard, ‘An account of the British Military Administration of Upper Perak, Malaya – 1945/46: being memories based on diaries and letters’, 4 April 2000, RCS, CUL.

58.
James de Vere Allen,
The Malayan Union
(New Haven, 1967), pp. 34–6.

59.
Sultan of Johore to G. H. Hall (Colonial Office), 15 February 1946, RCS, CUL.

60.
Johore Malays to Sultan Ibrahim, 22 February 1946, Maxwell Papers, RCS, CUL.

61.
George Maxwell, ‘The enigma of Ibrahim of Johore’, n.d., ibid.

62.
For these debates see Ariffin Omar,
Bangsa Melayu: Malay concepts of democracy and community, 1945–50
(Kuala Lumpur, 1993).

63.
See the seminal essay by Kassim bin Ahmad,
Characterization in Hikayat Hang Tuah: a general survey of character-portrayal and analysis and interpretation of the characters of Hang Tuah and Hang Jebat
(Kuala Lumpur, 1966), p. 43.

64.
John Coast,
Recruit to revolution: adventure and politics in Indonesia
(London, 1952), p. 41; Donna J. Amoroso, ‘Dangerous politics and the Malay nationalist movement, 1945–47,’
South East Asia Research
, 6, 3 (1998), p. 259.

65.
Quoted in Amoroso, ‘Dangerous politics’, p. 259.

66.
O. W. Gilmour,
With freedom to Singapore
(London, 1950), p. 186.

67.
Henry Barlow,
Swettenham
(Kuala Lumpur, 1995), p. 727.

68.
‘Notes of a discussion at the Colonial Office on 26 February 1946 on the White Paper on Malayan Union’, ibid.

69.
The Times
, 16 April 1946.

70.
MacDonald to Hall, 21–22 June 1946, in Stockwell,
British documents: Malaya, part I
, pp. 252–5.

71.
Pelita Malaya
, 6 May 1946.

72.
Firdaus Haji Abdullah,
Radical Malay politics: its origins and early development
(Petaling Jaya, 1985), pp. 82–4; Amoroso, ‘Dangerous politics’; Boestamam,
Carving the path
, p. 49.

73.
Lt. Col. R. F. Tredgold, ‘Psychiatry in ALFSEA’, March 1946, WO222/1319, TNA.

74.
‘HMS
Northway
: minutes and findings of a Board of Enquiry’, 20 October 1945, ADM116/6422, TNA.

75.
MSS/PIJ, 31 May 1947.

76.
MSS/PIJ, 31 May 1946.

77.
New Democracy
, 30 January 1946.

78.
David Duncan,
Mutiny in the RAF: the Air Force Strikes of 1946
, The Socialist History Society, Occasional Papers Series, no. 8, London, 1998.

79.
R. D. Heanly, ‘Final Report on SIB investigation of RAF Mutinies in India’, 21 May, 1946; Tom Driberg to William Attwood, 11 April 1946; minute 23 July 1946, AIR20/11516, TNA.

80.
The Times
, 14 August 1946.

81.
The Times
, 11 October 1946.

82.
Stopford to Roberts, 9 October 1946, WO203/6249; Roberts to Stopford to Roberts 11 October 1946, WO203/6249; TNA.

83.
Montgomery to All Commanders at Home and Overseas, 15 October 1946, WO32/16169, TNA.

84.
Brigadier K. T. Darling to Montgomery, 24 May 1946, WO32/16169, TNA.

85.
Quoted in Robert H. Ahrenfeldt,
Psychiatry in the British army in the Second World War
(London, 1950), p. 210.

86.
Brian Aldiss,
The twinkling of an eye, or my life as an Englishman
(London, 1998), p. 201.

87.
Northern Star
, 6 May 1946;
Straits Echo
, 13 May 1946.

88.
G. B. Folliot, OSPC Island, memorandum, 3 January 1947, FO371/69629, TNA;
Sunday Gazette
, 17 February 1946.

89.
Aisha Akbar,
Aishabee at war: a very frank memoir
(Singapore, 1990), p. 229.

90.
Stokes to Jessie Muirhead, 24 June 1945, Stokes Papers, Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge.

91.
Patrick French,
Liberty or death: India’s journey to independence and division
(London, 1997), pp. 222–3.

92.
Dash Diaries, February 1946, Mss Eur C188/6, f. 74, OIOC.

93.
Sir Arthur Dash, Bengal Diary, vol. 9, p. 67, Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge. This is an extended version of the contemporary diary in the India Office Collection.

94.
Intelligence Report, 26 January, 1946, L/PO/9/15, OIOC.

95.
Report by Thakin Than Tun on AFPFL Congress, 17–23 January 1946, L/PO/9/15, OIOC.

96.
See, e.g., Karen Memorial presented by H. Stevenson and T. L. Hughes, 2 February 1946, in Hugh Tinker (ed.),
Burma: the struggle for independence 1944–48
, vol. I:
From military occupation to civil government, 1 January 1944 to 31 August 1946
(London, 1983), pp. 650–2.

97.
Dorman-Smith, memoir, Mss Eur E215/32b, f. 272, OIOC.

98.
Dorman-Smith to David Monteath, 5 April 1946, Laithwaite Papers, Mss Eur F138/72, OIOC.

99.
S. K. Chettur,
Malayan adventure
(Mangalore, 1948), pp. 84–5.

100.
F. V. Duckworth, ‘The visit of Pandit Nehru to Malaya, 18 March to 26 March 1946’, 4 April 1946, CO717/149/8, TNA.

101.
Chettur,
Malayan adventure
, pp. 78–80.

102.
Tamil Nesan
, 22 June 1946;
Jananayakam
, 24 June 1946.

103.
L. F. Pendred, Director of Intelligence, ‘The visit of Pandit Nehru to Malaya’, 30 March 1946, CO717/149/8, TNA.

104.
Saravanamuttu,
The Sara saga
, pp. 133–4.

105.
Cabinet meeting, London, 13 March 1946, in Tinker,
Burma
, vol. I, p. 686.

106.
Note on political matters by Major E. G. Robertson, 25 August 1946, Clague Papers, Mss Eur E252/54, OIOC.