Heretic Queen (48 page)

  
13
. Kervyn de Lettenhove, ed.,
Relations politiques des Pays-Bas et de l'Angleterre,
vol. 5, (Brussels: Académie Royale, 1885), 230.

  
14
. Read,
Mr. Secretary Walsingham
and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth,
1:142–43.

  
15
. Ibid., 149.

  
16
. R. J. Knecht,
Catherine de' Medici
(London: Longman, 1998), 234.

Fifteen: Massacre in Paris

    
1
. If Catherine de' Medici's three remaining sons—Charles IX; Henry, Duke of Anjou; and Francis, Duke of Alençon—died without issue, then Henry of Navarre was next in line for France's throne. His mother, Jeanne d'Albret, queen of Navarre, had inherited the small kingdom on the Spanish border from her uncle Francis I, grandfather of the present king.

    
2
. Knecht,
Catherine de' Medici,
148. See also Abel Desjardins, ed.,
Negociations diplomatiques de la France avec la Toscane
(Paris: Giuseppe Canestrini, 1859), 3:711.

    
3
. BL, Cotton MSS, Vespasian F vi. Folio 4b.

    
4
. Collins,
Keepers of the Keys of Heaven,
366.

    
5
. For more detail on these swashbuckling seafarers, see Ronald,
Pirate Queen,
158–60.

    
6
. Sigismund-Augustus had not only maintained the peace in Poland between Protestant and Catholic successfully and united Poland and Lithuania, but he had also ensured the smooth succession through the Union of Lublin to elect his successor. There was probably no poorer choice than Anjou to replace him.

    
7
. Collins,
Keepers of the Keys of Heaven
, 372.

    
8
. Read,
Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth,
2:211.

    
9
. Ibid., 212.

  
10
. Ibid., 213.

  
11
. Ibid., 215.

  
12
. Frieda,
Catherine de' Medici,
248.

  
13
. Ronald,
Pirate Queen
, 160–61.

  
14
.
CW,
215.

  
15
. Read,
Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth,
2:233. See also Sir Dudley Digges,
The Compleat Ambassador
(London: Thomas Newcombe for Gabriel Bedell and Thomas Collins, 1655), p. 250.

  
16
. Due to her leading role in the assassination of Coligny, Catherine has been remembered by history as “the Black Queen” and whatever good she had done was completely undermined.

  
17
. Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, 234.

  
18
. J. B. Steane, ed.,
Christopher Marlowe: The Complete Plays
(London: Penguin, 1969), 300–301, 1.2.33–63.

Sixteen: The Puritan Underworld of London

    
1
. R. J. Knecht,
The French Civil Wars
(London: Longman, 2000), 165–66.

    
2
. Collinson,
Godly People,
251, translated from the French by the author.

    
3
. Ibid., 252.

    
4
. Collinson,
Elizabethan Puritan Movement
, 114.

    
5
. Collinson,
Godly People
, 275.

    
6
. Ibid.

    
7
. Locke was the brother of the merchant adventurer Michael Lok, who was ruined by the Frobisher North American gold scam. See Ronald,
Pirate Queen
, 210–13.

    
8
. Collinson,
Godly People,
316. See also Wilcox's
Works
(1624).

    
9
.
ODNB,
“Thomas Cartwright.”

  
10
. Collinson,
Elizabethan Puritan Movement,
101, 103.

  
11
. The
Admonition
was made to Parliament rather than the queen as head of the Church of England because the archbishops sit, of course, in the House of Lords and all changes in legislation must be approved by them.

  
12
. Collinson,
Elizabethan Puritan Movement
, 120.

  
13
. Read,
Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth,
p. 116.

  
14
. Collinson,
Elizabethan Puritan Movement,
120.

  
15
. Ibid., 121.

  
16
. Neale,
Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments,
298.

  
17
. Ibid.

  
18
.
An Admonition to Parliament
and
Certain Articles Collected and Taken by the Bishops,
EEBO.

  
19
. BL, Lansdowne, 17, no. 43, f. 97.

  
20
. Read,
Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth
, 110.

  
21
. Ibid., 117.

  
22
.
CW,
142–43.

Seventeen: Via Dolorosa

    
1
. Collinson,
Elizabethan Puritan Movement,
152.

    
2
. Tanner,
Ireland's Holy Wars,
92.

    
3
. Peter Guilday,
The English Catholic Refugees on the Continent, 1558–1795,
vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, 1914), 7.

    
4
. Thomas Knox, The First and Second Diaries of the English College, Douay, 1868. xxxi.

    
5
. Parker,
Dutch Revolt,
166. See also Spanish SP IVdeDJ51/31, royal reply May 31, 1574.

    
6
. Guilday,
English Catholic Refugees on the Continent,
69n.

    
7
. Ibid., p. 72.

    
8
. Collinson,
Elizabethan Puritan Movement
, 160. See also P. Stubbes,
Second part of the anatomie of abuses,
ed. F. J. Furnivall (London: New Shakespeare Society, 1882) 100–102.

    
9
. Ibid., 161.

  
10
. Ibid., 162.

  
11
. Ibid., 163.

  
12
. A recusant is any person, especially a Roman Catholic, who refused to attend the services of the Church of England until 1791. The Act of Uniformity of 1558 first imposed fines on all nonattenders of a parish church, but Roman Catholics were the specific target of the Act Against Popish Recusants of 1592; subsequent acts through the seventeenth century imposed heavy penalties on Catholic recusants, the exaction of which persisted up to the Second Relief Act of 1791. Recusancy among Catholics was not common until 1570, when the papal bull
Regnans in Excelsis
excommunicated Elizabeth I.

  
13
. Collinson,
Godly People,
376.

  
14
. Ibid.

  
15
. Ibid., p. 377.

  
16
. Ibid., p. 388.

  
17
. In 1572 Elizabeth licensed his players as Leicester's Men, who rapidly became the premier actors and production company of their day.

  
18
. Parker,
Grand Strategy of Philip II,
164–65. Also quote from Zuñiga cf. letter to Philip II, August 9, 1576.
CSP, Spain,
2.

  
19
.
CSP, Spain
, 2:549–50.

Eighteen: God's Outriders

    
1
. Hogge,
God's Secret Agents,
55.

    
2
. Robert Southwell was the third son of Richard Southwell, who was the natural elder son of Sir Richard Southwell, whom Mary Tudor had sent to ensure that John Rogers had been burnt at the stake as ordered.

    
3
. Ibid., 57.

    
4
. Ibid., 57–58. See also Philip Ayres ed.,
Anthony Munday: A Roman Life
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980)
,
21–27.

    
5
. Ibid., 62.

    
6
. Read,
Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth,
2:280.

    
7
. Ibid., 281–82.

    
8
. Stukeley presented himself to the court of the boy king, Sebastian of Portugal, and was sidetracked from his appointed mission to the invasion of Morocco against the “greater infidel” the Moors. Within the year, Stukeley, Sebastian, and the Moorish king all died at the Battle of Alcazar, which was later portrayed in a play in the 1590s by Thomas Kyd.

    
9
. See Ronald,
Pirate Queen,
59–60, 155–56.

  
10
. Read,
Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth
, 240.

  
11
. Boncompagni was thought to be the natural son of the pope.

  
12
. Ibid., 241.

  
13
.
ODNB
, “Nicholas Sander.”

  
14
. “Some Letters and Papers of Nicholas Sander, 1562–1580,”
Miscellanea XIII
, Catholic Record Society pub., 26 (London: CRS, 1926): 1–57.

  
15
.
CSP, Spain,
2:665–66.

  
16
. Read,
Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth
, 2:365–66.

  
17
.
CW,
239.

  
18
. Hogge,
God's Secret Agents,
67.

  
19
. Victor Houliston,
Catholic Resistance in Elizabethan England
(Burlingame, VT: Ashgate, 2007), 2–3.

  
20
. Persons's name was often spelled “Parsons” by Protestants and posterity, though he always spelled it “Persons” himself.

  
21
. Keith Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), 80, 358. See also John Calvin's
An Admonicion against Astrology Iudiciall,
1561, 106.

  
22
. Houliston,
Catholic Resistance in Elizabethan England,
25. See also John E. Parish,
Robert Persons and the English Counter-Reformation,
Rice University Studies 52 (Houston, 1966), 13.

  
23
. Read,
Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth
, 244–47.

  
24
. Evelyn Waugh,
Edmund Campion
(London: Longmans, 1961), 109.

  
25
. It is thought that they may have sheltered at the home of Sir William Catesby, father of the Gunpowder Plotter Robert Catesby.

  
26
. Ibid., 117.

  
27
. Hogge,
God's Secret Agents,
83–84.

  
28
. Waugh,
Edmund Campion,
127.

  
29
. Hogge,
God's Secret Agents,
86.

Nineteen: The Ungodly Witch Hunts

    
1
. Read,
Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth,
249.

    
2
. Ibid. See also Digges,
The Compleat Ambassador,
373.

    
3
. Ibid., 250.

    
4
. Read,
Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth
, 2:368.

    
5
. Knecht,
French Civil Wars
, 212–16.

    
6
. John Bossy,
Under the Molehill: An Elizabethan Spy Story
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), 145–51.

    
7
. Read,
Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth,
2:298–299, 323.

    
8
. Ibid., 308.
ODNB,
“Sir George Peckham.” There is some minor controversy over whether Walsingham was the initiator of the plan, or Peckham, as a result of a letter from Ambassador Mendoza to Philip II dated July 11, 1582. On balance, I believe that Peckham was the author of the move to create a new home for Catholics in America.

    
9
. Bossy,
Under the Molehill
, 26.

  
10
. Read,
Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth,
2:313–22.

  
11
. Bossy,
Under the Molehill,
31–38.

  
12
. In John Bossy's earlier book,
Giordano Bruno and the Embassy Affair
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), he had believed Bruno to be “Henri Fagot.” He claims in
Under the Molehill
that “Fagot” was Feron. Bruno, a defrocked Dominican priest with court connections across Europe, was highly influential in literary circles and loathed by Catholics as a traitor. He eventually returned to Rome, where he was tried for heresy and burned at the stake in front of a satisfied pope.

  
13
.
CSP, Scotland
, 432.

  
14
.
A Discoverie of the Treasons Practised and attempted … by Francis Throckmorton
(London, 1584), Harlian Miscellany, 3:192.

  
15
. Apparently the correspondence didn't hold any great secrets, as Mary knew not to trust him. He was imprisoned five times in the 1580s, and only returned to favor under the patronage of the Earl of Essex in 1595. Howard's title was Earl of Northampton.

  
16
. Bossy,
Under the Molehill,
76; Read,
Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth,
2:395–96