Heretic Queen (47 page)

    
4
. Neale,
Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments,
108n.

    
5
. Fraser,
Mary Queen of Scots,
152–53.

    
6
. SP 63/5/101.

    
7
. The Scots were so-called “redshanks” because of their pale, red legs exposed by their kilts.

    
8
. SP 63/1/79.

    
9
. SP 63/4/22 viii.

  
10
. SP 63/4/37.

  
11
.
ODNB,
“Shane O'Neill.” See also William Camden,
The History of the most renowned and victorius Princess Elizabeth
(printed by M. Flesher, London, 1688).

  
12
. Shane O'Neill is the only Irish “freedom fighter” who was not resurrected in the twentieth century as a folk hero, though some have admired his military tactics.

  
13
. Ciaran Brady,
The Chief Governors: The Rise and Fall of Reform Government in Tudor Ireland
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 10.

  
14
. Marcus Tanner,
Ireland's Holy Wars
(New Haven and London: Yale Nota Bene, 2003), 88.

Eight: The Great Catholic Threat

    
1
. Read,
Mr. Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth,
315. See also James Melville,
Memoirs
(London, G. Scott Printers, 1683), 51.

    
2
. Ibid., 317.

    
3
. Fraser,
Mary Queen of Scots,
228.

    
4
. Read,
Mr. Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth,
340.

    
5
.
CSP, Rome,
180–81.

    
6
. Ibid.

    
7
. Ibid., 182–83.

    
8
. Read,
Mr. Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth,
347–84.

    
9
. Fraser,
Mary Queen of Scots,
253.

Nine: Betrayal amid Dreamy Spires

    
1
.
CSP, Rome,
190.

    
2
. Patrick Collinson,
The Elizabethan Puritan Movement
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1967), 72. Collinson does identify St. Stephens Cornhill but it is an error on his part.

    
3
. Ibid., 78.

    
4
. Ibid., 79.

    
5
. Ronald,
Pirate Queen,
chap. 9.

    
6
. SP 12/176/68.

    
7
. Alan Crossley et al., eds.,
Victoria County History: Oxfordshire
, vol. 4,
The City of Oxford,
“Roman Catholicism,” 312, available online at British History Online,
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?pubid-10
.

    
8
. Collinson,
Puritan Movement
, 62.

    
9
. Alice Hogge,
God's Secret Agents
(London: HarperCollins, 2005), 37–38.

  
10
. Ibid., 41.

  
11
.
ODNB,
“William Allen.” See also Allen,
Modest Defence
(London: Manresa Press, 1914), 104.

  
12
. John Jewel, bishop of Salisbury's
Apology of the Church of England
(translated from the Latin
Apologia pro Ecclesia Anglicana
), written in 1561, was officially sponsored by the church and published in 1562. It intended to show a one-sided view that the Church of England faced no threats from any other Protestant quarter. In other words, it was a work of government propaganda. Jewel was a Marian exile bishop.

  
13
.
ODNB,
“William Allen.”

  
14
.
ODNB,
“Paul Wentworth.”

  
15
. Read,
Mr. Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth,
364.

  
16
. BL, MS Cotton Charter IV.38 (2), written in Elizabeth's hand and much revised. Her handwriting, normally extremely legible and quite beautiful, shows signs of anger and haste.

Ten: Iconoclastic Fury

    
1
. Geoffrey Parker,
The Dutch Revolt
(London: 1977), Allen Lane, 30.

    
2
. This payment was known as the “Nine Years' Aid.”

    
3
. G. Groen van Prinsterer,
Archives
(Leiden: 1835–37), 1st ser. 1:152, Granvelle to Philip II, March 10, 1563.

    
4
. Parker,
Dutch Revolt,
54.

    
5
. Ibid., 63.

    
6
. Ibid., 57. See also original sources in footnote 33.

    
7
. Ibid., 58.

    
8
. Jews who nominally followed Christian religions.

    
9
. Ibid., p. 66. Margaret had defended this “usurpation” by the nobles, but the king never read her letter, issuing the abstract
Estado
527/70 written by Gonzalo Pérez.

  
10
. Alba became the Spanish governor-general in the Netherlands from 1567 to 1573 and was given the nickname of “the Iron Duke” for his harsh treatment of the local population.

  
11
.
CSP, Spain,
404, no. 285. Philip makes it clear here to Guzman de Silva, his ambassador to England, that this is only a family visit, and not a matter of state.

  
12
. Ibid., 72.

  
13
. Ibid., 76.

  
14
.
CSP, Foreign,
8:21.

  
15
.
CSP, Spain,
1:76.

  
16
. Groen van Prinsterer,
Archives,
2:364, Horn (Montigny) to Orange. In 1569, the Duke of Alba accused Philip's Flemish groom of the bedchamber, Jean Vandenesse, of leaking this state secret to Horn and Orange. Fortunately for Vandenesse, he died before a verdict of his guilt could be confirmed.

  
17
. C. V. Wedgwood,
William the Silent
(London: Phoenix Press, 1944), 69. See also Groen van Prinsterer,
Archives,
1:440.

  
18
.
CSP, Rome,
214–15.

Eleven: Two Murders and Mayhem

    
1
. Darnley's skull, now at the Royal College of Surgeons in London, has been analyzed and found to be pitted with traces of “a virulent syphilitic disease,” according to the report by Karl Pearson, “Skull and Portraits of Henry Stuart Lord Darnley,”
Biometrika
20 (July 1928): 1–104. I thank Lady Antonia Fraser, DBE, for pointing out this reference in her
Mary Queen of Scots.

    
2
. Read,
Mr. Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth,
374.

    
3
.
CW,
116.

    
4
.
CSP, Spain
, 1:397.

    
5
. Read,
Mr. Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth,
378.

    
6
. Ibid., 378–79.

    
7
. Frieda,
Catherine de Medici,
199.

    
8
.
ODNB,
“Shane O'Neill.”

    
9
.
CSP, Rome,
266–67.

  
10
. The “English Pale” is defined as an area of English jurisdiction and colonization. The term “pale” on its own denotes a stake, fence, or boundary. The area “inside the Pale” became synonymous with the civilized English colony, as opposed to “beyond the Pale,” where the local population was deemed to be savage or wild.

  
11
. Tanner,
Ireland's Holy Wars,
88.

  
12
. SP 63/20/13, January 18, 1567

  
13
.
ODNB,
“Shane O'Neill.” See also Campion, “Ten Reasons,” proposed to his adversaries for disputation in the name of the faith and presented to the illustrious members of the university (London, Manresa Press, 1914), 130.

  
14
. Collinson,
Puritan Movement,
129.

  
15
. John Bossy,
The English Catholic Community, 1570–1850
(London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1975), 12.

  
16
.
CSP, Spain,
1:418, no. 294; 432, no. 300.

  
17
. Parker,
Dutch Revolt,
106.

  
18
.
CSP, Rome,
260.

  
19
. Read,
Mr. Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth,
394.

Twelve: An Ill-Conceived Escape

    
1
. Fraser,
Mary Queen of Scots,
347.

    
2
. Read,
Mr. Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth,
399.

    
3
. Ibid., 406.

    
4
. SP 63/26/8.

    
5
. The court faction was mostly
les politiques.
They were Catholic and possessed a political will to see beyond the religious questions that divided the nation.

    
6
. Many believed Philip's choice of ambassador was in retaliation for Elizabeth's unfortunate choice of Dr. Man as her ambassador to Madrid, who decried publicly that Pope Pius V was nothing but a “canting little monk.”

    
7
.
CSP, Spain,
2:75.

    
8
. Ronald,
Pirate Queen,
129–38. The incident is known as the Seizure of Alba's Pay Ships, and it set alight international diplomatic correspondence between England, the Low Countries, Spain, and Rome for months.

    
9
.
CSP, Spain,
2:91–92.

  
10
. Ronald,
Pirate Queen,
129.

  
11
.
CSP, Spain,
2:111.

  
12
. The plan is thought to have come originally from Maitland. Norfolk appears to have hesitated initially but was influenced by Leicester, Arundel, and Pembroke as well as Mary in letters. He never met Mary.

  
13
. Read,
Mr. Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth,
449.

  
14
.
ODNB,
“Thomas Howard, fourth duke of Norfolk.”

  
15
. Conyers Read,
Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth,
3 vols. (Hamden, CT: Archon Press), 1:66. See also SP. Dom Eliz. lix. II.

  
16
. Ibid., 65–68, for the entire Ridolfi incident in the 1569 plots against Elizabeth.

  
17
. Ibid., 452–55.

  
18
. R. R. Reid, “The Rebellion of the Earls, 1569,”
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,
n.s., 20 (1906): 184.

  
19
. Ibid., 187.

  
20
.
CSP, Rome,
1:314.

  
21
. Read,
Mr. Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth,
460.

  
22
. Reid, “Rebellion of the Earls, 1569,” 197.

  
23
. Conyers Read,
Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1960), 20.

Thirteen: Regnans in Excelsis

    
1
.
CSP, Rome,
323.

    
2
. Ibid., 324.

    
3
. Ibid.

    
4
. Ibid., 326–27.

    
5
. Ibid., 328.

    
6
.
CSP, Foreign,
9:196–97.

    
7
. Read,
Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth
, 22–23. See also La Mothe-Fénélon,
Correspondance
(Geneva, Droz, 1999)
,
3:100.

    
8
.
CSP, Spain
, 2:254.

    
9
. Ibid., 27.

  
10
. These were, of course, the parents of the murdered Henry, Lord Darnley.

  
11
. Ibid.

  
12
.
CW,
163.

Fourteen: The English State, Plots, and Counterplots

    
1
.
A Sermon preached before the Queen's Majesty
, EEBO, 27–28.

    
2
. Peter Wentworth was married to Francis Walsingham's sister Elizabeth.

    
3
. Neale,
Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments,
1:185.

    
4
. A mythological bird that breathes a ghostlike fire.

    
5
.
Neale, Elizabeth and Her Parliaments,
p. 186.

    
6
. William Herle had been acting as a part-time government agent since 1559. He was well educated and spoke Latin, Flemish, Italian, French, and Spanish. Working as a sometime “merchant,” or more accurately pirate, he was able to make valuable contacts on behalf of Cecil in northern Germany and the Low Countries. His later official embassies were not successful, though he was used as a spy until his death in 1589.

    
7
. Read,
Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth,
39.

    
8
. Neale,
Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments,
1:226. See also Hooker, 490.

    
9
. Ibid., 41.

  
10
. Parker,
Dutch Revolt
, 124.

  
11
. Ibid., 43.

  
12
.
CSP, Spain,
2:348.