Hitler's Hangman (85 page)

(Frankfurt am Main, 1996), 281ff.; Wildt,
Generation
, 538ff.

56. Witte et al. (eds),
Dienstkalender
, 19, 26, 29 May and 9 June 1941.

57. Ibid., 11–15 June 1941; on the Wewelsburg, see Karl Hüser,
Wewelsburg 1933 bis 1945 – Kult-

und Terrorstätte der SS. Eine Dokumentation
(2nd edn, Paderborn, 1987); and, more recently,

Jan Erik Schulte (ed.),
Die SS, Himmler und die Wewelsburg
(Paderborn, 2009).

58. Longerich,
Himmler
, 540; Angrick,
Besatzungspolitik
, 108, n. 240.

59. Memorandum of the meeting of 2 May 1941, in
IMT
, vol. 31, doc. 2718-PS, pp. 84–5; and

economic policy guidelines for the East, 23 May 1941, in
IMT
, vol. 36, doc. 126-EC 135–57,

here 145; see, too, Alex J. Kay, ‘Germany’s Staatssekretäre, Mass Starvation, and the Meeting

of 2 May 1941’,
Journal of Contemporary History
41 (2006), 685–700; idem,
Exploitation,

Resettlement, Mas Murder: Political and Economic Planning for German Occupation Policy in the

Soviet Union, 1940–1941
(New York and Oxford, 2006); Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 46f.

60. Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 86ff. See, too: Lizzie Collingham,
The Taste of War: World War

Two and the Battle for Food
(London, 2011), 33.

61. Backe as quoted in Alexander Dallin,
German Rule in Russia, 1941–1945: A Study of

Occupation Policies
(rev. edn, Boulder, CO, 1981), 39f. No serious biography of Backe exists

to date. For brief biographical sketches, see Joachim Lehmann, ‘Herbert Backe –

Technokrat und Agrarideologe’, in Ronald Smelser (ed.),
Die braune Elite
(Darmstadt,

1993), vol. 2, 1–12; Gesine Gerhard, ‘Food and Genocide: Nazi Agrarian Politics in the

Occupied Territories of the Soviet Union’,
Contemporary European History
18 (2009),

45–65; Joachim Lehmann, ‘Verantwortung für Überleben, Hunger und Tod. Zur Stellung

von Staatssekretär Herbert Backe im Entscheidungsgefüge von Ernährungs- und

Landwirtschaft, Agrar- und Agressionspolitik in Deutschland während des Zweiten

Weltkrieges sowie deren Voraussetzungen’, in Ernst Münch (ed.),
Festschrift für Gerhard

Heitz zum 75. Geburtstag
(Rostock, 2000), 509–26.

62. Post-war testimony of task-force commando 7a leader Dr Walter Blume, in IfZ, ZS 2389;

and post-war testimony of Dr Erhard Kröger in Angrick,
Besatzungspolitik
, 109.

63. Ohlendorf ’s post-war trial testimony of 31 January 1946, in
IMT
, vol. 4, doc. 2348-PS

344ff., here 350.

64. Wildt,
Generation
, 557.

65. Ralf Ogorreck,
Die Einsatzgruppen und die ‘Genesis der Endlösung’
(Berlin, 1996), 83, 98.

66. Heydrich to all
Einsatzgruppen
commanders, 29 June 1941, in BAB, R 70 SU/32, and

Heydrich to HSSPF, 2 July 1941, in BAB, R 70 SU/31, reprinted in Peter Longerich (ed.),

Die Ermordung der europäischen Juden. Eine umfassende Dokumentation des Holocaust 1941–

1945
(Munich, 1989), 116ff.

67. Heydrich to HSSPFs, 2 July 1941, in BAB, R 70 SU/31, reprinted in Longerich,

Ermordung
, 116ff. See, too, Yitzhak Arad, Yisrael Gutman and Abraham Margaliot (eds),

Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and

Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union
(Yad Vashem, 1981), doc. 171, pp. 377f.

68. Longerich,
Himmler
, 541.

69. When, in mid-July, Heydrich issued guidelines for the screening of Soviet POW camps

calling for the identification ‘of all Jews’, he again left it to the recipients of this order to

decide what was to be done with Jewish POWs once they had been identified. Heydrich’s

‘Einsatzbefehl no. 8’, 17 July 1941, reprinted in Klein,
Einsatzgruppen
, 331ff.

70. Christian Hartmann,
Wehrmacht im Ostkrieg. Front und militärisches Hinterland 1941–42

(Munich, 2009); Dieter Pohl,
Die Herrschaft der Wehrmacht. Deutsche Militärbesetzung und

einheimische Bevölkerung in der Sowjetunion 1941–1944
(Munich, 2008); Christian Streit,
Keine

Kameraden. Die Wehrmacht und die sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen 1941–1945
(Stuttgart, 1978),

128; Timothy Snyder,
Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
(London, 2010), 182.

71. See the daily ‘incident reports’ of the
Einsatzgruppen
for the period between 23 June 1941

and 24 April 1942, in BAB, R 58/214–21. See, too, Ronald Headland,
Messages of Murder:

A Study of the Reports of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service

(Rutherford, NJ, 1992).

N OT E S to pp. 191–7

331

72. Witte et al. (eds),
Dienstkalender
, 30 June 1941; Heydrich’s ‘Einsatzbefehl no. 3’, 1 July

1941, in BAB, R 70 SU/32; Incident Report no. 21, 13 July 1941, in BAB, R 58/214–21.

73. Report of Stapostelle Tilsit, 1 July 1941, OA Moscow, 500/1/758; ‘Incident Report USSR

no. 19’, 11 July 1941, and ‘Incident Report USSR, no. 26’, 18 July 1941, both in BAB, R

58/214.

74. Witte et al. (eds),
Dienstkalender
, 11 July 1941; Diary Bach-Zelewski, entry for 12 July

1941, in BAB, R 20/45b, f. 3; Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 544f; Longerich,
Himmler
, 544.

75. Popplow, ‘Aufnordung’, 15.

76. Browning,
Origins
, 256ff.

77. Headland,
Messages
, 211ff; Longerich,
Himmler
, 544.

78. See Klein,
Einsatzgruppen
, 113.

79. Heydrich to
Einsatzgruppen
commanders, 29 June 1941, in BAB, R 70 SU/32. Browning,

Origins
, 258ff

80. Andrzej Zbikowski, ‘Local Anti-Jewish Pogroms in the Occupied Territories of Eastern

Poland, June–July 1941’, in Lucjan Dobroszycki and Jeffrey S. Gurock (eds),
The Holocaust in

the Soviet Union: Studies and Sources on the Destruction of the Jews in the Nazi-Occupied

Territories of the USSR, 1941–1945
(Armonk, NY, 1993), 173–9; Aharon Weiss, ‘The

Holocaust and the Ukrainian Victims’, in Michael Berenbaum (ed.),
A Mosaic of Victims:

Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis
(New York, 1990), 109–15; Bogdan Musial,

‘Konterrevolutionäre Elemente sind zu erschiessen’. Die Brutalisierung des deutsch–sowjetischen

Krieges im Sommer 1941
(Berlin and Moscow, 2000), 172.

81. Heydrich to
Einsatzgruppen
, 1 July 1941 BAB, R70 SU/32; Klein,
Einsatzgruppen
, S. 320.

82. A comprehensive dossier on the NKVD, based on this extorted information, was sent by

Heydrich to all higher SS and police leaders as well as to the Sipo and SD commanders on

2 April 1942. See National Archives, Kew, WO 208/1858, 324795.

83. Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius,
The German Myth of the East: 1800 to the Present
(Oxford, 2009);

idem, ‘Der Osten als apokalyptischer Raum. Deutsche Fronterfahrungen im und nach dem

Ersten Weltkrieg’, in Gregor Thum (ed.),
Traumland Osten. Deutsche Bilder vom östlichen

Europa im 20. Jahrhundert
(Göttingen, 2006), 47–65; David Blackbourn,
The Conquest of

Nature: Water and the Making of Modern German Landscapes
(London, 2005), 251ff.

84. On the ‘Garden of Eden’ speech, see Martin Bormann’s notes, in
IMT
, vol. 38, doc. 221-L,

pp. 86–94. See, too, Browning,
Origins
, 309f.

85. See ‘Erlass des Führers über die Verwaltung in den neu besetzten Ostgebieten’, 17 July

1941, in
IMT
, vol. 38, doc. L-221, pp. 86ff.; Longerich,
Himmler
, 545ff.; Witte et al. (eds),

Dienstkalender
, 24 June 1941. On Rosenberg, see Ernst Piper,
Alfred Rosenberg. Hitlers

Chefideologe
(Munich, 2005). Quotation: Heydrich to Berger, 4 November 1941, in

Buchheim et al.,
SS
, 100.

86. Heydrich to Daluege, 30 October 1941, as quoted in Buchheim et al.,
SS
, 100.

87. See the correspondence between Heydrich and Lammers, 18 July–23 October 1941, in IfZ,

Fa 199/41, ff. 165–75.

88. On Heydrich’s search warrant for Kube’s house, see the letter exchange between Kube and

Himmler of March 1936, in BAB, BDC, Wilhelm Kube.

89. Mark Mazower,
Hitler’s Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe
(London, 2008), 144ff. On

Heydrich’s scepticism towards the mobilization of Slavic populations for the German war

effort, see Christoph Dieckmann, Babette Quinkert and Tatjana Tönsmeyer (eds),
Kooperation

und Verbrechen. Formen der ‘Kol aboration’ im östlichen Europa 1939–1945
(Göttingen, 2003), 171.

90. Longerich,
Himmler
, 545ff.

91. Heydrich to Himmler, 20 October 1941, in IfZ, MA 328, f. 30.

92. Longerich,
Himmler
, 545ff.

93. Heydrich in
Völkischer Beobachter
, 17 February 1941. See, too, Heydrich, ‘Der Anteil der

Sicherheitspolizei und des SD in Böhmen und Mähren’,
Böhmen und Mähren
2 (1941), 176.

94. Browning,
Origins
, 310ff. On Ohlendorf ’s visit to Berlin in late August, see Ogorrek,

Einsatzgruppen
, 208f.

95. Prien,
Jagdgeschwaders 77
, vol. 2, 704f.

96. Himmler’s funeral speech of 9 June as printed in Reichssicherheitshauptamt (ed.),
Reinhard

Heydrich, 7. März 1904–4. Juni 1942. Meine Ehre heisst Treue
(Berlin, 1942), 14–22, here 19.

97. Report Georg Schirmböck, in Prien,
Jagdgeschwaders 77
, vol. 2, 704.

332

N OT E S to pp. 197–203

98. See the reports of Georg Schirmböck and Joachim Deicke, in ibid., 704ff.; Semerdjiev,

‘Jagdflieger’, 36f.; Deschner,
Heydrich
, 141f.

99.
IMT
, vol. 26, doc. 710-PS, pp. 266–7.

100. Browning,
Origins
, 315.

101. Browning,
Origins
, 315f.

102. On Einsatzkommando 9, see Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 545f.; on Einsatzkommando

3, which adopted the same approach in early August, see the ‘Jäger report’ of 1 December

1941, in OA Moscow, 500/1/25, reprinted in Vincas Bartusevićius, Joachim Tauber and

Wolfram Wette (eds),
Holocaust in Litauen. Krieg, Judenmorde und Kollaboration im Jahre

1941
(Cologne, 2003), 303ff.

103. This was openly articulated in Himmler’s infamous Posen speech of 1943. See, too, Omer

Bartov, ‘Defining Enemies, Making Victims: Germans, Jews, and the Holocaust’, in Amir

Weiner (ed.),
Landscaping the Human Garden: Twentieth-Century Population Management

in a Comparative Framework
(Stanford, CA, 2003), 135–47.

104. Himmler’s funeral speech as printed in Wannenmacher (ed.),
Leben der Tat
, 81ff.

105. Heydrich,
Kriegsverbrecher
, 48.

106. By mid-October 1941, Einsatzgruppe A claimed to have killed 125,000 Jews, 80,000 of

them in Lithuania alone. See Stahlecker’s activity report of 15 October 1941, in
IMT
,

vol. 37, doc. L-180, pp. 670–17; see, too Krausnick, Helmut,
Einsatzgruppen: Die Truppen

des Weltanschauungskrieges 1938–1942
(Frankfurt, 1989), 606; Konrad Kwiet, ‘Rehearsing

for Murder: The Beginning of the Final Solution in Lithuania in June 1941’,
Holocaust and

Genocide Studies
12 (1998), 3–26.

107. Figures as quoted in Browning,
Origins
, 244. On collaboration, see Katrin Reichelt,

‘Kollaboration und Holocaust in Lettland, 1941–1945’, in Wolf Kaiser (ed.),
Täter im

Vernichtungskrieg. Der Überfall auf die Sowjetunion und der Völkermord and den Juden

(Munich, 2002). On the particularly early escalation of genocidal policies in Lithuania, see

Christoph Dieckmann, ‘The War and the Killing of the Lithuanian Jews’, in Ulrich

Herbert (ed.),
National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives

and Controversies
(New York and Oxford, 2000), 240–75.

108. Longerich,
Himmler
, 565; Browning,
Origins
, 410–14.

109. Longerich,
Ermordung
, 74f. Browning,
Origins
, 354f.

110. Ibid., 355.

111. Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, 648; Alfred Gottwald and Diana Schulle,
Die ‘Judendeportationen’

aus dem Deutschen Reich von 1941–1945. Eine kommentierte Chronologie
(Wiesbaden,

2005), 52ff.; on Serbia, see Manoschek,
‘Serbien ist judenfrei’
, 169ff.

112. Moorhouse,
Berlin at War
, 172ff.

113. Heydrich to Sipo commanders, 3 September 1941, printed in Wolfgang Benz, Konrad

Kwiet and Jürgen Matthäus (eds),
Einsatz im ‘Reichskommissariat Ostland’. Dokumente zum

Völkermord im Baltikum und in Weissrussland, 1941–1944
(Berlin, 1998), 67ff.

114. Browning,
Origins
, 263.

115. Lösener, ‘Rassereferent’, 303; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 473.