Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews (123 page)

136. Pohl, Lublin, 132 ff.; Arad, Belzec, 387 provides a different date for the start of the deportation.

137. Arad, Belzec, 393 ff.; Jacek Mlynarczyk, ‘Organisation und Durchführung der “Aktion

Reinhardt” im Distrikt Radom’, in Musial, ed., ‘Aktion Reinhardt’, and Mlynarczyk,

Judenmord in Zentralpolen. Der Distrikt Radom im Generalgouvernement 1939–1945

(Darmstadt, 2007). Robert Seidel, Deutsche Besatzungspolitik in Polen. Der Distrikt

Radom 1939–1940 (Paderborn 2006), 310 ff.

138. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 216 ff.

139. BAB, NS 19/3959, Office diary of the personal secretary.

140. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 223 ff.

141. Ibid. 238 ff.

142. Ibid. 245.

143. On the methods employed in ghetto clearances see Mlynarczyk, ‘Judenmord’, 251 ff.

144. On Treblinka see the overview by Mlynarczyk, ‘Treblinka’, 257–81. On the building

phase, see Arad, Belzec, 37 ff.

145. Arad, Belzec, 81 ff.

146. Ibid. 89 ff.

147. PRO, HW 16/23, messages 12 and 13/15, transmitted 11 Jan. 1943, in Peter Witte and

Stephen Tyas, eds, ‘A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during

“Einsatz Reinhardt” 1942’, HGS 15 (2001), 468–86. In the original document the figure

for Treblinka is 71,355; this should, however, be 713,555, as the addition of the remaining numbers reveals. The number of victims for Belzec is confirmed by calculations

produced by the German Holocaust historian Wolfgang Scheffler in a report of 1973.

He calculated the number of victims in this extermination camp as 441,442, and had

thus been only 7,000 away from the true figure. See Wolfgang Scheffler, ‘ Die Zahl der in den Vernichtungslagern der “Aktion Reinhard” ermordeten Juden’, in Helge Grabitz

Notes to pages 340–343

551

and the Judicial Authority Hamburg, eds, Täter und Gehilfen des Endlösungswahns.

Hamburger Verfahren wegen NS-Gewaltverrechen 1946–1996 (Hamburg, 1998), 215–41.

148. This figure is also quoted in the Korherr-Bericht, the report by the SS chief statistician on the state of the ‘Final Solution’ at the end of 1942 (ND NO 5194).

149. Korherr-Bericht, ND NO 5194.

150. Thomas Sandkühler, ‘Endlösung’ in Galizien. Der Judenmord in Ostpolen und die

Rettungsinitiative von Berthold Beitz, 1941–1944 (Bonn, 1996), 461.

151. Korherr estimated the surplus deaths and the number of emigrations in the General

Government up to 31 Dec. 1942 as 427,920 in Korherr-Bericht, Kurzfassung, ND NO 5193.

152. Cf. the overview in Gustavo Corni, Hitlers Ghettos: Voices from a Beleaguered Society 1939–1944 (London and New York, 2002), 300 ff.

153. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 215; Pohl, Lublin, 157 ff.; Sandkühler, ‘Endlösung’, 181 ff.

154. IfZ, MA 679/9, 9 May 1942; see also MA 679/8, KTB Oberquartiermeister, 8 May 1942,

discussion at armaments inspection.

155. Diensttagebuch, ed. Präg and Jacobmayer, 11 May 1942, p. 495.

156. Ibid. Hauptabteilungsleitersitzung, 22 June 1942, pp. 516–17.

157. Sandkühler, ‘Endlösung’, 182.

158. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 15.

159. BAB, NS 19/1765, Minute of the chief of staff of the SSPF Cracow, 27 July 1942, printed in Longerich, Ermordung, 202 ff. This concerns a ‘new order’ by Krüger. On Himmler’s

order of 18 May 1942.

160. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 235.

161. BAB, NS 19/2462.

162. BAB, NS 19/352, Letter from Gienanth to OKW, 18 Sept. 1942; letter from Himmler to

head of WVHA etc., 9 Oct. 1942 (ibid.); cf. Naasner, Machtzentren, 362.

163. Boelcke, ed., Deutschlands Rüstung, 189.

164. See Dienstkalender, ed. Präg and Jacobmayer, 22 Sept. 1942, p. 566. Presentation to

Führer: ‘Jewish emigration—what is to be done next?’ Himmler’s next point for

discussion, as noted in his presentation draft, is: ‘Settlement of Lublin—Lorrainers,

Germans from Bosnia, Bessarabia etc’ and ‘conditions Gen. Gouv.—Globus’ (Globoc-

nik’s nickname). The fact that the ‘emigration’, i.e. murder of the Jews from the district of Lublin could not be implemented at the rate notified by Himmler clearly had

repercussions on Globocnik’s settlement projects.

165. ND NO 1611, printed as a facsimile in Helge Grabitz and Wolfgang Scheffler, Letzte

Spuren: Ghetto Warschau, SS-Arbeitslager Trawniki, Aktion ‘Erntefest’: Fotos und

Dokumente über Opfer des Endlösungswahns im Spiegel der historischen Ereignisse,

2nd edn (Berlin, 1993), 179.

166. VOGG 665–6, 1 Nov. 1942, Polizei VO 28 Oct. 1942 and 683 ff., 14 Nov. 1942, Polizei VO

10 Nov. 1942.

167. This was how the SSPF for Galicia, Katzmann, put it in his report to HSSPF Krüger on 30 June 1943 See Berenstein et al., Faschismus, 358 ff., 361. In this context Katzmann

mentioned another ‘instruction’ issued in autumn 1942 by the Higher SS and Police

Commander to implement ‘the accelerated total resettlement of the Jews’.

168. Mlynarczyk, ‘Organisation’, 191–2, based on BAM, RH-53-23/700.

169. It is generally accepted by scholars even today that the deportations from Upper Silesia had already begun on 15 February 1942 (see Czech, Kalendarium, or Steinbacher,

552

Notes to pages 343–347

‘Musterstadt’ Auschwitz,’ 277). This mistaken view is based on information from Martin

Broszat, who referred to a letter to him from the International Tracing Service in

Arolsen dated 27 Mar. 1958. A glance at the original of this letter shows, however, that

in Arolsen at the time ‘deportations of Jews from Beuthen could only be established

from 15.5.1942 [sic!]’. I should like to thank Klaus Lankheit of the Archive of the Institut für Zeitgeschichte in Munich for letting me have a copy of the original of this letter.

170. Steinbacher, ‘Musterstadt’ Auschwitz, 278 ff.

171. See p. 291.

172. Lucjan Dobroszycki, ed., The Chronicle of the Lodz Ghetto 1941–1944 (New Haven and

London, 1984), 128, 131–2, 136 ff., 140 ff., 145, 157.

173. Dobroszycki, ibid. (p. 139) states that there had already been around 3,000 fatalities by the end of March.

174. Ibid. 153–4, 156–7, 159 ff., and 194.

175. Ibid. 248 ff.

176. Ibid. 261.

177. Ibid. 266 and 127.

178. Longerich, Politik, 492.

179. Individual evidence can be found in Czech, Kalendarium.

180. Steinbacher, ‘Musterstadt’ Auschwitz, 285–6.

181. Czech, Kalendarium, 20 March; for 12 May 1942 Czech shows that in Bunker I 1,500

Jewish men, women, and children from Sosnowitz were murdered.

182. According to Christian Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde. Die deutsche Wirtschafts und

Vernichtungspolitik in Weissrussland 1941 bis 1944 (Hamburg, 1999), 683 ff., the

number of 2,200 murdered Jews is quoted from the activity report for the

month of February of Abwehrkommando III (B), 12 Mar. 1942, BADH FW

490, A. 28.

183. Dieter Pohl, ‘Schauplatz Ukraine: Der Massenmord an den Juden im Militärver-

waltungsgebiet und im Reichskommissariat 1941–1943’, in Frei et al., eds, Ausbeutung,

Vernichtung, Öffentlichkeit. Neue Studien zur nationalsozialistschen Lagerpolitik

(Munich, 2000), 148 ff.

184. Helmut Krausnick and Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm, Die Truppe des Weltanschauungs-

krieges. Die Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und SD, 1938–1942 (Stuttgart, 1981),

177–8.

185. StA Minsk, 370-1-53; Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 689. The explanation for the drop in executions given here is also found in IfZ, Fb 101/35, Lagebericht der EG A für den

Zeitraum 16 Oct. 1941–31 Jan. 1942 and in Fb 104/2, Aufzeichnung der Abt. II des KdS,

early 1942.

186. IfZ Fb 101/35, EG A report for the period 16 Oct. 1941–31 Jan. 1942.

187. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 690; ZSt, II 202 AR-Z 184/67; Final Report of 28 July 1967.

188. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 690–1, 700 (Slutsk); ZSt, II 202 AR 629/73, Instruction of 14 Jan. 1982.

189. Andrej Angrick and Peter Klein, Die ‘Endlösung’ in Riga: Ausbeutung und Vernichtung

1941–1944 (Berlin, 2006), 338 ff. Scheffler and Schulle, eds, Buch der Erinnerung, 11 ff.

and 26–7.

190. IfZ Fb 104/2.

Notes to pages 347–349

553

191. ZSt, II 202 AR 629/73, Instruction of 14 Jan. 1982; cf. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 695

and 700; according to Gerlach, Djatlowo (district of Slonim) may possibly be added to

this, with 400 victims

192. Wassili Grossmann et al., eds, Das Schwarzbuch. Der Genozid an den sowjetischen

Juden (Reinbek, 1995), 251–2. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 690.

193. ZSt, UdSSR 401, 412, Reports from the occupied Eastern territories, no. 10, 3 July 1942, Annex 10.

194. The court reconstructed this visit in the course of the Heuser trial: Irene Sagel-Grande et al., Justiz und NS-Verbrechen. Sammlung deutscher Strafurteile wegen nationalsozialistischer Tötungsverbrechen 1945–1966 (Amsterdam, 1968–81), xix, no. 552, Judge-

ment of 21 May 1963, 192.

195. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 695–6; ZSt, II 202 AR 629/73, Instruction 14 Jan. 1982; II 202 AR-Z 94d/59, Indictment of 15 May 1966. See also Judgement Landgericht of 17 July

1969 in Sagel-Grande et. al., eds, Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, xxxii, no. 712, and IfZ, Fb

85/I, Gebietskommissar Lida, 8 Apr. 1943: ‘The district of Lida had a figure of 20,000

Jews. In a single action of five days in May last year they were finished off [erledigt]

down to 4,500.’

196. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 697; Martin Dean, Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941–1944 (New York, 2000), 84–5.

197. Activities Report of the outstation, 27 May 1942, in Unsere Ehre, 247–8, Gerlach,

Kalkulierte Morde, 698–9; ZSt, 202 AR-Z 5/60, Judgement LG Bochum v. 11 Apr. 1979.

198. ZSt, 202 AR-Z 37/60, 5, 1850 ff., Gebietskommissar Haase at the conference of Gebiets-kommissare, 8 Apr. 1943.

199. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 700.

200. Ibid. 700–1, 202; ZSt, SA 477, Judgement LG HH v. 25 June 1974; Dean, Collaboration, 87.

201. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 701.

202. Ibid. 702.

203. Ibid. 702–3; ZSt, AR-Z 16/67, Vermerk Staatsanwaltschaft Oldenburg, 19 Dec. 1969.

204. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 704; Tätigkeitsbericht Gruppe Arlt, in Unsere Ehre, 252–3.

205. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 705.

206. ND 3428-PS, IMT xxxii. 279 ff., Report of Kube to RK Ostland, 31 July 1942.

207. Pohl, ‘Ukraine’, 158; ZSt, AR-Z 122/68, Staatsanwaltschaft München I, Einstellungsver-fügung v. 11 Oct. 1972 and volume of documents with copies of correspondence of the

Reich Security Service from Kiev City Archive; ZSt, 04 a AR 1632/68, Verdict of the

Superior Penal Division of the Land court in Duisburg, 6 Sept. 1968.

208. Pohl, ‘Ukraine’, 158; there is an account of this massacre in Grossmann et al., eds, Das Schwarzbuch, 81.

209. CDJC, CXLIV-474, Situation Report for April 1942, quoted in Pohl, ‘Ukraine’, 158–9.

210. Zst, II 204 AR-Z 437/67 Final Report, 15 Apr. 1970

211. BAB, R 6/69.

212. Schmuel Spector, The Holocaust of the Volhynian Jews: 1941–1944 (Jerusalem, 1990),

184.

213. Ibid.

214. ZSt, II 204 AR-Z 139/67, Instruction Leiter Zentralstelle NRW v. 5 Apr. 1977.

215. ZSt, AR-Z 26/61, Judgement LG Oldenburg v. 28 Sept. 1966.

554

Notes to pages 349–352

216. Pohl, ‘Ukraine’, 159.

217. ZSt, AR-Z 76/70, 160 ff., Instruction Zentralstelle Staatsanwaltschaft Dortmund, 20

Dec. 1977.

218. ZSt, AR-Z 76/70, 1f, Instruction Zentralestelle v. 27 July 1970, Lagebericht des

Aufsichtsoffiziers des SchumaBtl. 117 v. 15 June 1942 (78d-f) and Activity Report of

the Schuma Btl. 117 an KdG Kiew v. 27 July 1942 (78s-u); ferner II AR-Z 131/67,

Investigations of the District Commissar of Tschudnow Final Report, 29 Aug. 1975,

2, 360 ff.

219. Dean, Collaboration, 83.

220. ZSt, AR-Z 67/67.

221. Judgement LG Berlin v. 9 Mar. 1960, in Justiz und NS-Verbrechen 16, no. 490; Pohl,

‘Ukraine’, 160.

222. Dean, Collaboration, 93. The minutes of the session are to be found in in BAB R 6/243; Report of the KdS on the result of the meeting, 31 Aug. 1942, quoted in Gerlach,

Kalkulierte Morde, 714.

223. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 711 ff.

224. ZSt, 204 AR-Z 393/59, Indictment Frankfurt a. M., 28 Mar. 1966; Judgement LG

Frankfurt a. M. 6 Feb. 1973 (SA 447).

225. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 719 ff.; Himmler’s order on 27 Oct. 1942 was recorded in writing and is quoted in Helmut Heiber, Reichsführer! Briefe an und von Himmler

(Stuttgart, 1968), 165.

226. These are the ghettos of David Gorodok, Gorodiscze, Wysock, and Stolin.

227. Quoted in the Frankfurt indictment of 27 Mar. 1966.

228. ZSt, 204 AR-Z 442/67, Zentralestelle, Final Report, 18 Mar. 1971.

229. Dean, Collaboration, 93, based on Case ZSt, AR-Z 393/59. This also includes further

information about the murders in Kremenec and Schumsk.

230. ZSt, II 204 AR-Z 163/67, Instruction Zentralstelle Staatsanwaltschaft Dortmund, 22

Nov. 1976; Instruction Zentralestelle, 31 Mar. 1970.

231. See also the interim report by the Israeli police, 22 Sept. 1968, in the files of the same trial.

232. ZSt, AR-Z 113/67, Final Report, 18 Mar. 1970 and Instruction Zentralstelle Staatsan-

waltschaft Dortmund, 10 June 1976.

233. Gerlach, Kalkultierte Morde, 710 and 718.

234. ZSt, II 204 AR-Z 111/67, 159 ff., Interim Report, Zentrale Stelle 23 May 1967 and 182 ff., Final Report of the Zentrale Stelle, 10 Apr. 1968.

235. Pohl, Ukraine, 161.

236. ZSt, AR 225/60, Final Report, 29 Aug. 1962.

237. ZSt, 204 AR-Z 334/59, 1134 ff., Instruction Leiter Zentralstelle v. 8 Dec. 1965. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 717, gives the figure of 16,000–19,000 dead.