Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews (122 page)

39. On the separation of transports in Lublin: note from Reuter, Abteilung Bevölkerungs-

wesen und Fürsorge, 17 Mar. 1942 about communication from Höfle the previous day,

quoted in Hans-Günther Adler, Theresienstadt 1941–1945. Das Antlitz einer Zwangsge-

meinschaft, Geschichte, Soziologie, Psychologie, 2nd edn (Tübingen, 1960), 50–1.

40. Archivum Panstwowe w Lublinie (APL), Gouverneur Distrikt Lublin, Judenangelegen-

heiten, Sygn. 273, Vermerke Distriktsverwaltung Lublin, Unterabteilung Bevölkerungs-

wesen und Fürsorge, 20 and 23 Mar. 1942, with individual information concerning

arriving Central European and deported local Jews. Details in Longerich, Politik, 487.

41. Note from Reuter, Abteilung Bevölkerungswesen und Fürsorge, 17 Mar. 1942 concern-

ing message from Höfle the previous day (quoted from Adler, Theresienstadt, 50–1).

42. Example in Peter Witte, ‘Letzte Nachrichten aus Siedliszcze. Der Transport Ax aus

Theresienstadt in den Distrikt Lublin’, Theresienstädter Studien und Dokumente (1996),

98–113.

43. Gottwaldt and Schulle, Judendeportationen, 213.

44. Ibid. 211 ff. The authors produce a certain amount of admittedly weak evidence to

suggest that the first deportation trains went straight to Sobibor after 3 June, or that the passengers of those trains were brought to Sobibor after a stopover lasting only a few

days.

45. Hans Safrian, Die Eichmann-Männer (Vienna, 1993), 179.

46. Two transports from the old Reicht, nine from Vienna, six from Theresienstadt; one

transport from Theresienstadt only got as far as Baranowicze (a large ‘ghetto action’

was taking place in Minsk), where the deportees were shot immediately after their

arrival on 31 July 1942. Details in Longerich, Politik, 48 ff., assembled from the docu-

ments of the International Tracing Service (YV, JM 10.73), from the files of the main

railway station administration [Mitte] in Minsk (StA Minsk, 378-1-784) and the find-

ings of the Heuser trial (Judgement LG Koblenz, 21 May 1963, published in Justiz xix,

no. 552); Gottwaldt and Schulle, Judendeportationen, 237 ff.; on the transport to Bar-

anowicze (see above): Jakov Tsur, ‘Der verhängnisvolle Weg des Transportes AAy’,

Terezin Studies and Documents 2 (1995), 107–20.

47. On this subject we have the reports of Sonderkommando set up by the Waffen-SS

Battalion z.b.V. See Unsere Ehre heist Treue. Kriegstagebuch des Kommandostabes

Reichsführer SS. Tätigkeitsberichte der 1. and 2. SS-Inf. Brigade, der 1. SS Kav.-Brigade und von der Sonderkommandos der SS (Vienna, 1965), 236 ff

48. Judgement LG Koblenz of 21 May 1963, printed in Justiz xix, no. 552 (Heuser-Verfahren), p. 192.

49. Adler, Verwaltete Mensch, 193 ff. and Moser, ‘Österreich’ in Benz, ed., Dimensionen,

80–1; see also Victor Klemperer, To the Bitter End: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer

1942–45 (London, 1999), 8 July 1942, p. 91.

50. Hartmann, ‘Tschechoslowakei’, in Benz, ed., Dimension, 365–6.

51. On the course of the deportations in detail, Gottwaldt and Schulle, Judendeportationen, 260 ff.

52. Ibid. 337 ff.

53. Ibid. 250 ff.

54. Ibid. 226 ff.

55. Ibid. 393 ff.

Notes to pages 324–327

547

56. W. Boelke, Deutschlands Rüstung im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Hitlers Konferenzen mit Albert

Speer 1942–1944 (Frankfurt a. M., 1969), 189.

57. Fröhlich, Die Tagebücher Teil II, vol. v. Entry for 30 Sept. 1942, p. 606.

58. BAB, R 22/5029, Report of the Justice Minister, 18 Sept. 1942; also IMT xxvi. 654 PS.

59. ND NO 5522.

60. On this subject, and on the implementation of the deportations see Ladislav Lipscher, Die Juden im slowakischen Staat 1939–1945 (Munich, 1980), 99 ff.; Raul Hilberg, The

Destruction of the European Jews (New Haven, 2003), ii. 766 ff.; Christopher Browning,

The Find Solution and the German Foreign Office: A Study of Referat D III of Abteilung

Deutschland 1940–43 (New York and London, 1978), 94 ff.; Yehoshua Büchler, ‘The

Deportation of Slovakian Jews to the Lublin District of Poland in 1942’, HGS 6 (1991)

151–66.

61. Dienstkalender, ed. Witte et al., 20 Oct. 1941, p. 241. The editors quote from a declaration by the Slovakian Interior minister, Mach, on 26 Mar. 1942 to the Slovakian State

Council, from which the German offer comes.

62. Lipscher, Juden, 31 ff.

63. Ibid. 102 ff.

64. Büchler, ‘Deportation’, 152.

65. Ibid. 153.

66. PAA, Büro StSekr, Bd. 2, published in ADAP, E II, 161–2.

67. See p. 328.

68. Büchler, ‘Deportation’, 153, 166; and Danuta Czech, ed., Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939–1945 (Reinbek b. Hamburg, 1989).

69. Büchler, ‘Deportation’, 160.

70. Ibid. 166.

71. Czech, Kalendarium.

72. Cf. Lipscher, Juden, 129 ff.; on interventions by the Church, see Livia Rothkirchen,

‘Vatican Policy and the “Jewish Problem” in Independent Slovakia (1939–1945)’, YVS 6

(1967), 27–53.

73. Livia Rothkirchen, ‘The Dual Role of the “Jewish Center” in Slovakia’, in Yisrael

Gutman and Cynthia J. Haft, eds, Patterns of Jewish Leadership in Nazi Europe, 1933–

1945. Proceedings of the Third Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, Jerusa-

lem, April 4–7, 1977 (Jerusalem, 1979), 219–27; Yahuda Bauer, Freikauf von Juden?

(Frankfurt a. M., 1996).

74. Lipscher, Juden, 114–15.

75. According to Büchler, ‘Deportation’, 8, transports went to the district of Lublin and 19

to Auschwitz.

76. Serge Klarsfeld, Vichy-Auschwitz. Die Zusammenarbeit der deutschen und franzö-

sischen Behörden bei der ‘Endlösung der Judenfrage’ in Frankreich (Nördlingen, 1989),

34 ff.; Ulrich Herbert, ‘Die deutsche Militärverwaltung in Paris und die Deportation der

französischen Juden’, in Christian Jansen et al., eds, Von der Aufgabe der Freiheit.

Politische Verantwortung und bürgerliche Gesellschaft im 19. u. 20. Jahrhundert (Frank-

furt a. M., 1995), 439; details of the start of the ‘Final Solution’ in France are examined in the article by Ahlrich Meyer, ‘Der Beginn der “Endlösung” in Frankreich—offene

Fragen’, Sozialgeschichte 18 (2003), 35–82.

548

Notes to pages 327–331

77. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 43.

78. 1216-RF, Minute by Dannecker, 10 Mar. 1943 published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 374–5.

79. Note by Zeitschel, 11 Mar. 1942 published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 375.

80. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 376–7.

81. CDJC, XXVb-29, published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 375–6.

82. R. B. Birn, Die Höhere SS- und Polizeiführer. Himmlers Vertreter im Reich und in den

besetzten Gebieten (Düsseldorf, 1986), 446–7.

83. Herbert, ‘Militärverwaltung’, 440.

84. CDJC, XXVb-29, published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 379.

85. This is according to the report of Walter Bargatzky, working as a lawyer in the military administration, Hotel Majestic; Walter Bargatzky, Hotel Majestic (Freiburg, 1987), 103, on the basis of information from an auricular witness; cf. Herbert, ‘Militärverwaltung’, 448.

86. Bargatzky, Hotel Majestic, 94. See also identical information from the former chief

judge attached to the military commander, 29 Oct. 1949, quoted from Hans

Luther, Der französische Widerstand gegen die deutsche Besatzungsmacht und

seine Bekämpfung (Tübingen, 1957), 214. See Ulrich Herbert, Best. Biographische

Studien über Radikalismus, Weltanschauung und Vernunft 1903–1989 (Bonn, 1996),

320.

87. 1217-RF, note from Dannecker, 15 June 1942; published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 379–80; see also ibid. 66–7.

88. Moreshet-Archive, Givat Haviva, Israel (copy from Prague city Archive); already

published in Tragédia slovenských Židov. Fotografie a Dokumenty (Bratisalava, 1949)

and quoted in in Gerald Reitlinger, The Final Solution: The Attempt to Exterminate the

Jews of Europe, 1939–1945 (New York, 1961).

89. CDJC, XXVb-38, note concerning telephone conversation with Novak, 18 June 1942

published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 383.

90. ND NG 183 published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 384–5.

91. 1223-RF, Dannecker note of 1 July 1942 published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 390–1.

92. 1220-RF, in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 388.

93. Cf. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 68 ff. and 90 ff.

94. CDJC, XXVI-40, Hagen note of 4 July 1942 and 1225-RF, Minute by Dannecker, 6 July

1942, published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 393 ff. and 398–9.

95. CDJC, XLIX-35, Dannecker to Eichmann, July 1942, in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 399–400.

96. APL, Gouverneur Distrikt Lublin, Sygn. 270.

97. Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps

(Bloomington, Ind., 1986), 23 ff. and 68 ff.

98. Cf. in particular Dieter Pohl, Von der ‘Judenpolitik’ zum ‘Judenmord’. Der Distrikt

Lublin des Generalgouvernements 1939–1944 (Frankfurt a. M., 1993), 113 ff. and also

David Silberklang, ‘Die Juden und die ersten Deportationen aus dem Distrikt Lublin’,

in Bogdan Musial, ed., ‘Aktion Reinhardt’. Der Völkermord an den Juden im General-

gouvernement 1941–1944 (Osnabrück, 2004), 141–64.

99. See in particular Bogdan Musial, Deutsche Zivilverwaltung und Judenverfolgung im

Generalgouvernement. Eine Fallstudie zum Distrikt Lublin 1939–1944 (Wiesbaden,

1999), 229 ff.

100. BAB, NS 19/3959; see Pohl, Lublin, 110.

Notes to pages 331–334

549

101. Pohl, Lublin, 116–7.

102. Elke Fröhlich, ed., Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels. Teil II. Band 3. Januar-März 1942 (Munich, 1994), 561.

103. Trial of Eichmann, vii. 240.

104. Statement, 10 Nov. 1964, StA München I 110 Ks 3/64, 14, 2918 ff.; see Pohl, Lublin, 125–6.

105. Pohl, Lublin, 118 ff.; Silberklang, ‘Juden’, 150 ff.; Musial, Zivilverwaltung, 254 ff.

106. Dieter Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941–1944. Die

Organisation und Durchführung eines staatlischen Massenerbrechens (Munich, 1996),

179 ff.

107. On Sobibor see Arad, Belzec, 30 ff.

108. Pohl, Lublin, 120 ff.

109. Bradley F. Smith et al., eds, Himmler Geheimreden 1933 bis 1945 (Frankfurt a. M., 1974), 159.

110. VOGG, 1942, 321 ff., ‘Erlass über die Überweisung von Dienstgeschäften auf den

Staatssekretär für das Sicherheitswesen’; cf. Pohl, Lublin, 125.

111. Both spellings occur in the files, but also ‘Reinhart’. Heydrich himself is known to have allowed his first name to be used in the variant ‘Reinhardt’. Individual evidence in Peter Black, ‘Die Trawniki-Männer und die Aktion Reinhard’, in Musial, ed.,

‘Aktion Reinhardt’, 309–52, 308–9.

112. See Globocnik’s ‘Meldung über die wirtschaftliche Abwicklung der Aktion Reinhardt’

of 5 Jan. 1944, 402-PS, IMT xxxiv. 70 ff., 72.

113. BAB, NS 19/1755, the content of the papers not only emerges from the covering letter; this was a memo, ‘The State of Jewish Labour’ in which the ‘shortcomings and

questions are revealed that require an order to deal with them’, and a piece entitled,

‘The Jews in the district of Lublin’, along with the third paper dealing with ‘German-

ness’ (Deutschtum). This was passed on by Himmler’s personal staff to the Staff

Headquarters of the Reichskommissar for the Strengthening of the German Nation.

114. Pohl, Lublin, 126–7.

115. Das Diensttagebuch des deutschen Generalgouverneurs in Polen 1939–1945, ed. Werner

Präg and Wolfgang Jacobmeyer (Stuttgart, 1975), 506 ff. See also the interpretation in

Christian Gerlach, ‘Die Bedeutung der deutschen Ernährungspolitik für die Bes-

chleunigung des Mordes an den Juden 1942. Das Generalgouvernment und die

Westukraine’, in Christian Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord. Forschungen

zur deutschen Vernichtungspolitik im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Hamburg, 1998), 197 ff.,

who stresses the role of nutritional policy in the ‘acceleration’ of the murder of the

Jews.

116. Diensttagebuch, ed. Präg and Jacobmeyer, 515 ff.

117. Pohl, Lublin, 127.

118. Ibid. 122; Pohl, Ostgalizien, 197.

119. Arad, Belzec, 73.

120. Arad, Belzec, 37 ff.

121. Police meeting, 18 June 1942, Report by Deputy Department Head, Alfons Oswald; in

Diensttagebuch, ed. Präg and Jacobmeyer, 511.

122. Pohl, Lublin, 131–2 and Christopher Browning, Ordinary Men. Reserve Battalion 101

and the Final Solution in Poland (New York and London, 1992), 55 ff.

550

Notes to pages 334–340

123. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 196–7.

124. Arad, Belzec, 80–1; BAB, NS 19/2655, Ganzenmüller to Wolff, 28 July 1942.

125. On the deportations from the individual districts see the lists in Arad, Belzec, 383 ff.

126. On this and the following see Pohl, Lublin, 127–8.

127. BAB, NS 19/2655, 29 July 1941, here also Himmler’s letter of thanks of 13 August.

128. Dienstkalender, ed. Witte et al., 491 ff.; Rudolf Höß, Commandant in Auschwitz

(London, 1959), 210, 223 ff.

129. Walter Laqueur and Richard Breitman, Breaking the Silence (New York, 1986);

Hoess, Commandant, 236–7.

130. BAB, NS 19/1757, printed in Longerich, Ermordung, 201. See also Pohl, Lublin, 128.

131. See the overview by Jace Andrzej Mlynarczyk, ‘Treblinka—ein Todeslager der “Aktion

Reinhard” ’, in Musial, ed., ‘Aktion Reinhardt’, 257–81. On the building phase also

Arad, Belzec, 37 ff.

132. Israel Gutman, The Jews of Warsaw 1939–1943: Ghetto, Underground, Revolt (Bloom-

ington, Ind., 1982), 197 ff.

133. Christopher Browning, ‘Nazi Ghettoization Policy in Poland 1939–1941’ in Browning,

Path to Genocide, 28–56, 47 ff.

134. Gutman, Jews, 219 ff.

135. Arad, Belzec, 392–3.