Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews (125 page)

27. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, article on Bialystok. On the history of this see Sara

Bender, ‘From Underground to Armed Struggle—The Resistance Movement in the

Bialystok Ghetto’, YVS 23 (1993), 145–71; Bender, Jews, 243 ff.

28. Arad, Belzec, 396; Sara Bender, ‘The “Reinhardt Action” in the Bialystok District’, in Freia Anders et al., Bialystok in Bielefeld. Nationalsozialistische Verbrechen vor dem

Landgericht Bielefeld, 1958 bis 1967 (Bielefeld, 2003), 204 ff.

29. Gunnar S. Paulsson, Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940–1945 (New Haven

and London, 2002), esp. table, p. 57 and summary of the results, pp. 231 ff.

30. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 363 ff.

31. Ibid. 362; a few such cases are described in memoirs: thus, for example, Helene Kaplan managed to reach Oberammergau (Helene Kaplan, I never left Janowska (New York,

1991)); Stefan Szende reached Norway with Organisation Todt and escaped from there

to Sweden (Stefan Sender, Der letzte Jude aus Polen (Zurich, 1945)). Binca Rosenberg,

who lived in the ghetto of Kolomyja, assumed a false identity in 1943 and survived the

end of the war as a waitress in Heidelberg (Binca Rosenberg, Versuch zu überleben . . .

Polen 1941–1945 (Frankfurt a. M., 1996)).

32. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 368 ff.

33. Krakowski, War, 11.

34. Christopher Browning, ‘ “Judenjagd”: Die Schlussphase der “Endlösung” in Polen’, in

Jürgen Matthäus and Klaus-Michael Mallmann, eds, Deutsche, Juden, Völkermord. Der

Holocaust in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Darmstadt, 2006), 177–89, points out, on the

basis of contemporary reports, that the police in the General Government routinely

killed a large number of people who had escaped the ghettos. But it was only from

summer 1943 onwards that these ‘Jew-hunts’ became the focus of police work.

35. Pohl, Lublin, 168 ff.

36. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 371 ff.

37. Order by the SSPF, 13 Mar. 1943, published in Faschismus, ed. Berenson et al., no. 275, p. 352. On the practice in the district of Lublin see also: Pohl, Lublin, 168 ff., Musial, Zivilverwaltung, 308 ff. The procedure was similar in the district of Galicia: Pohl,

Ostgalizien, 366.

38. On Treblinka und Sobibor see Ainsztein, Widerstand, 396 ff.

39. Helge Grabitz and Wolfgang Scheffler, Letzte Spuren: Ghetto Warschau, SS-Arbeitslager Trawniki, Aktion ‘Erntefest’, 2nd edn (Berlin, 1993), 328 ff.

40. Pohl, Lublin, 168–9.

41. Schulte, ‘Zwangsarbeit’, 69.

42. ND PS-1919.

43. ND NO 1831, Minute of the meeting of 20 Aug. 1943 concerning Reich labour deploy-

ment issues with special reference to the conditions in the occupied territories, which

took place on 13 July 1943.

44. On the following see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 733 ff.

45. Cf. pp. 237 f.

46. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 733 ff.

47. BAB, NS 2/83, 13 Aug. 1943, RFSS concerning Jewish labour deployment in the occupied

East; NOKW 2386, Kriegstagebuch Oberkommando 3. Panzer-Armee, Quartiermeister

2, 4 Nov. 1943; cf. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 739.

562

Notes to pages 383–386

48. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 739; Jakow Suchowolskij, ‘Es gab weder Schutz noch

Erlösung, weder Sicherheit noch Rettung. Jüdischer Widerstand und de Untergang

des Ghettos Glubokoje’, Dachauer Hefte (2004), 11–38; on Glebokie see also Gerlach,

Kalkulierte Morde, 739.

49. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 739–40.

50. Ibid. 741 ff.

51. OS, 504-2-8. On this in detail see Angrick and Klein, Endlösung, 382 ff.

52. ND NO 2403. Participants in this meeting, apart from Bach-Zelewski, included the

HSSPF Russia North, Prützmann, the HSSPF East, Krüger, the head of the RSHA,

Kaltenbrunner, the director of the WVHA, Pohl, and the head of the Command Staff of

the RFSS, Knoblauch.

53. Angrick and Klein, Endlösung, 381 ff.

54. Scheffler, ‘Schicksal’, 39.

55. Angrick and Klein, Endlösung, 401.

56. Avraham Tory, Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary, ed. Martin Gilbert,

(Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1990), 468 ff.; Alfred Streim, ‘Konzentrationslager auf

dem Gebiet der Sojetunion’, Dachauer Hefte 5 (1989), 176; Enzyklopädie des Holocausts,

Article ‘Kowno’.

57. Yitzhak Arad, Ghetto in Flames: The Struggle and Destruction of the Jews in Vilna in the Holocaust (New York, 1981), 355 ff.

58. Ibid. 401 ff.

59. Streim, ‘Konzentrationslager’, 177–8; Enzyklopädie des Holocaust, article ‘Vaivara’.

60. Corni, Hitlers Ghettos, 308–9; Tory, Surviving the Holocaust.

61. Ainszstein, Widerstand, 236 ff.; Arad, Ghetto in Flames, 373 ff.

62. Dov Levin examines these ghettos in his study Fighting Back: Lithuanian Jewrys’s

Armed Resistance to the Nazis 1941–1945 (New York and London, 1997). He also deals

with the ghettos of Vilnius (Wilna) and Kaunas (Kovno).

63. Ibid. 174–5.

64. Enzyklopädie des Holocaust, article on Riga.

65. Gruner, Arbeitseinsatz, 311 ff.

66. Adler, Verwaltete Mensch, 224 ff. The Berlin action was linked with the resettlement of ethnic Germans from the region of Lodz to Zamosz in the district of Lublin; some of

the Poles resident there were to have been deported to the Reich to replace the Jewish

workers deported from there. See Bruno Wasser, Himmlers Raumplanung im Osten;

der Generalplan Ost in Polen 1940–1944 (Basle, 1993), 135 ff.

67. See Wolf Gruner, Widerstand in der Rosenstrasse. Die Fabrik-Aktion und die Verfol-

gung der ‘Mischehen’ 1943 (Frankfurt a. M., 2005) which corrects Nathan Stolzfuß,

Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstraße Protest in Nazi Germany

(New Brunswick, NJ, 2001). Significantly, in his diary entry for 11 Mar. 1943 Goebbels

regretted the arrest of ‘Jews, male and female, from privileged marriages’, which had led to ‘fear and confusion’. See Elke Fröhlich, ed., Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels. Teil II: Diktate 1941–1945. Band 7: Januar–März 1943 (Munich, 1993), 528.

68. Frederik Gottwaldt and Diana Schulle, Die ‘Judendeportationen’ aus dem deutschen

Reich 1941–1945 (Wiesbaden, 2005), 400 ff.

69. Adler, Verwaltete Mensch, 201.

Notes to pages 386–390

563

70. Gottwaldt and Schulle, Judendeportationen, 419 ff.

71. Ibid. 337 ff.

72. ND 3363-PS, 18 Dec. 1943; Adler, Verwaltete Mensch, 202. See the significantly elevated figures of the deportees to Theresienstadt for Hamburg (Transport 19 Jan. 1944) and

Berlin (10 Jan. 1944): Hamburger jüdische Opfer des Nationalsozialismus. Gedenkbuch

(Hamburg, 1995), xix and Gedenkbuch Berlins der jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozia-

lismus (Berlin, 1995), 1422.

73. Gottwaldt and Schulle, Judendeportationen, 400 ff.

74. Ibid. 427 ff.

75. Ibid. 204.

76. On the deportations from the Netherlands see Hirschfeld, ‘Niederlande’, in Benz et al., Dimension, 137–66 Presser, Destruction; Moore, Victims, 100 ff.; Hilberg, Destruction, 624 ff.

77. Figures concerning the deportations and the number of victims in Hirschfeld, ‘Nie-

derlande’, 162 ff.

78. PAA, Inland II g 182, 4 Dec. 1942. On the Jewish persecution in Belgium from 1942

onwards see Wetzel, ‘Frankreich und Belgien’, 130; Hilberg, Destruction, 642 ff.;

S. Klarsfeld and M. Steinberg, Die Endlösung der Judenfrage in Belgien. Dokumente

(Paris, 1980).

79. PAA, Inland IIg, 5 Jan. 1943.

80. Published in Klarsfeld and Steinberg, Endlösung, 70.

81. Wetzel, ‘Frankreich und Belgien’, 130.

82. Ibid. 135.

83. Marion Schreiber, Silent Rebels: The True Story of the Raid on the Twentieth Train to Auschwitz (London, 2003).

84. Wetzel, ‘Frankreich und Belgien’, 130. This figure includes 5,000 victims who fled to France and were deported from there to Auschwitz. The pre-war Jewish population is

estimated at 90,000, of whom 42,000 were registered as Jews in autumn 1942. The

Germans calculated additional unrecorded children (ibid. 109–10).

85. Zeller and Griffioen, ‘Judenverfolgung’, pt. I, 41.

86. This is a summary of the significant findings of Zeller and Griffioen, ‘Judenverfolgung’.

87. PAA, Inland II g 194, correspondence between the Foreign Ministry and the embassy

March/April; according to Czech’s Kalendarium, the trains arrived in Auschwitz on 7

and 13 May.

88. PAA, Inland IIg 194, Helm’s report from 18 Apr. 1944.

89. See below, pp. 402 f.

90. Hilberg, Destruction, 718.

91. See the telegram from the embassy in Berne to Luther, 4 Jan. 1943, Inland II g 204; see.

Browning, Final Solution, 155.

92. Klingenfuß to Eichmann, PAA, Inland II g 203 a; on this complex, see Browning, Final

Solution, 154 ff.

93. Ibid. 155.

94. PAA, Inland II g 177.

95. PAA, Inland II g 177, Presentation note by Wagner, 12 July 1943.

96. See the telegram from the embassy in Berne to Luther, 4 Jan. 1943, Inland II g 204;

cf. Browning, Final Solution, 155.

564

Notes to pages 390–393

97. ND NG 2652.

98. They were contained in Heydrich’s figure of 700,000 French Jews living in the

‘unoccupied zone’.

99. On the deportation of the Greek Jews, See Hilberg, Destruction, 740 ff.; Fleischer,

‘Griechenland’, in Benz, ed., Dimension, 241 ff.; Danuta Czech, ‘Deportation und

Vernichtung der griechischen Juden im KL Auschwitz’, in Hefte von Auschwitz 11

(1970), 5–37.

100. PAA, Inland II g 190.

101. On the transports see the schedule in Fleischer, ‘Griechenland’, 273; on the Bergen-

Belsen Transport, ibid. 255 ff.

102. See PAA, Inland II g 190; Browning, Final Solution, 161–2; Jonathan Steinberg, All or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust 1941–1943 (London, 1990), 94 ff.; and Meir

Michaelis, Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian Relations and the Jewish Question

in Italy, 1922–1945 (Oxford, 1978), 313 ff.

103. Chary, ‘Bulgaria’, 124 ff.; on the persecution of the Jews in Bulgaria in 1943 see in particular also Hoppe, ‘Bulgarien’, 285 ff.; Nir Baruch, Der Freikauf. Zar Boris und das

Schicksal der bulgarishen Juden (Sofia, 1996); Michael Bar-Zohar, Beyond Hitler’s

Grasp: The Heroic Rescue of Bulgaria’s Jews (Holbrook, 1998); on Dannecker see

Claudia Steur, Theodor Dannecker. Ein Funktionär der ‘Endlösung’ (Essen, 1997), 92 ff.

104. Chary, ‘Bulgaria’, 129 ff.; see also Baruch, Freikauf, 103 ff. Translation of the preserved original in Dieter Ruckhaberle and Christiane Ziesecke, eds, Rettung der bulgarischen

Juden—1943. Eine Dokumentation (Berlin, 1984). This exhibition catalogue also con-

tains other major documents in facsimile.

105. Chary, ‘Bulgaria’, 178 ff., 197 ff., 224 ff.

106. Ibid. 178 ff.; Baruch, Freikauf, 120 ff.

107. Ribbentrop to Beckerle, 4 Apr. 1943, PA, Büro Staatssekretär Bulgarien, 5; cf. Chary,

‘Bulgaria’, 269–70.

108. Chary, ‘Bulgaria’, 275 ff.

109. Ibid. 295 ff.

110. On the Jewish question in France after the occupation of the southern zone see

Klarsfeld, Vichy, 193 ff.; Susan Zuccotti, The Holocaust, the French and the Jews

(London, 1993), 166 ff.; Renee Poznanski, Jews in France during World War II (Lon-

don, 2001), 356 ff.

111. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 194 ff.

112. Ibid. 200 ff.

113. Transport nos. 46–53, 9 Feb.–25 Mar. 1943; details in Klarsfeld, Vichy, document

section.

114. CDJC, XXVI-71, published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 489 ff.; on this see also ibid. 208.

115. This involved the marking of identity cards and food cards and the internment of Jews without French nationality in the border and coastal regions: Klarsfeld, Vichy, 198 ff.

116. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 205, 210 ff.; Daniel Carpi, Between Hitler and Mussolini: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia (London, 1994), 113–14.

117. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 198, 206, 214 ff.; Carpi, Between, 105 ff.

118. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 220; Carpi, Between, 125 ff.; Letter from Mackensen to the Foreign Ministry, 18 Mar. published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 510–11.

Notes to pages 394–397

565

119. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 220 ff.; Carpi, Between, 129 ff.

120. Details in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 226 ff.; Carpi, Between, 136 ff.

121. Current state of the Jewish question in France, CDJC, XXVc 214, published in

Klarsfeld, Vichy, 501–2.

122. He later spoke in terms of three months: Note for Knochen of 27 Mar. 1943, CDJC,

XLVI–V, 27 Mar. 1943, published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 516 ff.

123. See p. 363.

124. Note for Knochen of 27 Mar. 1943, CDJC, XLVI–V, 27 Mar. 1943, published in

Klarsfeld, Vichy, 516 ff.; see ibid., 224–5.

125. CDJC, XXVc-235, published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 519.

126. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 224.

127. Ibid. Vichy, 230 ff.

128. Ibid. 232.

129. Hagen to Röthke, 16 June 1943, CDJC, XXVII-17, published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 535.

130. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 242 ff., 255–6.

131. Ibid. 239 ff.

132. Ibid. 256.

133. Note by Hagen, 11 Aug. 1943, CDJC, XXVI 35, Klarsfeld, Vichy, 550–1.

134. Note by Röthke, 15 August about discussion with Laval the previous day, CDJC, XXVI-

36; Klarsfeld, Vichy, 551 ff.; see the account ibid. 262 ff.

135. Note from the head of state to Ambassador Brinon, 24 Aug. 1943, CDJC, XXVII-33;

Klarsfeld, Vichy, 557; see the account ibid. 270.

136. Current state of the Jewish question in France, 21 July 1943; Klarsfeld, Vichy, 545 ff.

137. On the history of the Italian Jews under Fascism see Susan Zuccotti, The Italians

and the Holocaust: Persecution, Rescue and Survival (New York, 1987); Michaelis,

Mussolini.