Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews (124 page)

238. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 716–17. This includes, among other things, the towns of

Domatschewo (Domatshchevo) und Tmaaschowka (Tmashchovka).

239. ZSt, Landgericht Nürnberg-Fürth, Judgement (SA 368), 27 May 1963; on Sdolbunow

also II 204 AR 251/59 G Judgement, Landgericht Stade, 3 Feb. 1960.

240. ZSt, II 204 AR-Z 437/67, Final Report, 15 Apr. 1970.

241. Pohl, ‘Ukraine’, 161, refers to civilian officials carrying out murders on their own account.

Notes to pages 352–359

555

242. Pohl, ‘Ukraine’, 162; Spector, Holocaust, 186. On the murders of the Generalkommis-

sariat of Zhitomir see Wendy Lower, Nazi Empire Building and the Holocaust in

Ukraine (Chapel Hill, NC, 2005), 132 ff., who examines them in the context of German

occupation and settlement policy.

243. Arad, Belzec, 131 ff., 396–7; Sara Bender, The Jews of Bialystok during World War II and the Holocaust (Waltham, 2008), 185 ff. 1967 (Bielefeld, 2003), 186–208; Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 723 ff.

244. NO 3392, printed as a facsimile in the illustrations to Gerald Fleming, Hitler and the Final Solution (London, 1984).

245. On the Jewish resistance in the Soviet Union in 1942 and the conditions under which it began, see Spector, Holocaust, 188 ff.; Shalom Cholawsky, The Jews of Bielorussia during

World War II (Amsterdam, 1998). Shmuel Spector provides an overview in ‘Jewish

Resistance in Small Towns of Eastern Poland’, in Norman Davies and Antony Polonsky,

eds, Jews in Eastern Poland and the USSR 1939–46 (New York, 1991), 138–44; Isaiah

Trunk, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation (New

York, 1972), 451, contains a typology of the attitude of the Jewish councils towards the

resistance, which covers the whole period of the Holocaust in Eastern Europe.

246. Examples in Spector, Holocaust, 206 ff. and Cholawsky, Jews, 203.

247. Spector, Holocaust, 189 ff.; see esp. tables and figures, pp. 198–9.

248. Cholawsky, Jews, 185 ff.

249. Ibid. 192.

250. Ibid. 193.

251. Ibid. 159 ff. There is further literature on some of these locations. See Yehuda Bauer,

‘Jewish Baranowicze in the Holocaust’, YVS 31 (2003), 95–151; Hans Heinrich Nolte,

‘Destruction and Resistance: The Jewish Shtetl of Slonim 1941–44’, in Robert

W. Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch, eds, The People’s War: Responses to World

War II in the Soviet Union (Urbana and Chicago, 2000), 19–53; Nachum Alpert, The

Destruction of Slonim Jewry: The Story of the Jews of Slonim during the Holocaust

(New York, 1989); Jakow Suchowolskij, ‘Es gab weder Schutz noch Erlösung, weder

Sicherheit noch Rettung. Jüdischer Widerstand und die Untergang des Ghettos

Glubokoje’, Dachauer Hefte (2004), 11–38; on Glebokie also Gerlach, Kalkulierte

Morde, 739.

252. Cholowasky, Jews, 209 ff.

253. Nolte, ‘Destruction’.

254. Bauer, ‘Jewish Baranowicze’.

255. Reuben Ainsztein, Jüdischer Widerstand im deutschbesetzten Osteuropa während des

zweiten Weltkrieges (Oldenburg, 1993), 221 ff. This account is largely based on the

memoirs of one of the leaders of the resistance in the Minsk Ghetto: Hersch Smoliar,

Resistance in Minsk (Oakland, Calif., 1966).

256. Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, 744.

257. Himmler’s diary does not reveal what was discussed at these meetings. The only

exception is his presentation to Hitler on 3 May: Himmler’s surviving diary

reveals that issues of the Waffen-SS were discussed; but further, non-military

themes were also discussed, which Himmler did not record (Dienstkalender, ed.

Witte et al., 415, n. 6).

556

Notes to pages 360–364

258. Klarsfeld, Vichy, 122. On the raids and deportations of summer 1943 see also Poznanski, Jews, 251 ff.

259. The deportations are individually documented in Czech, Kalendarium, and in Klars-

feld, Vichy.

260. CDJC, XXVb-147, Protokoll, 1 Sept. 1942, published in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 447–8.

261. Ibid. 168.

262. CDJC, XXVc-177, letter from BdS Knochen to RSHA, 23 Sept. 1942, in Klarsfeld, Vichy, 469.

263. Ibid. 474.

264. Bob Moore, Victims and Survivors: The Nazi Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands 1940–1945 (London, 1997), 54 ff.

265. Ibid. 79 ff.

266. Ibid. 66 ff.

267. PAA, Inland II g 189, 3 July 1942; cf. Browning, Final Solution, 101.

268. On the beginning and course of the deportations, see Jacob Presser, The Destruction of the Dutch Jews (New York, 1969), 146 ff.; Moore, Victims, 91 ff.; Gerhard Hirschfeld,

Fremdherrschaft und Kollaboration. Die Niederlande unter deutsche Besatzung,

1940–1945 (Stuttgart, 1984), 145 ff.

269. For individual details see Moore, Victims, and Ron Zeller and Pim Griffioen, ‘Juden-

verfolgung in den Niederlanden und in Belgien während des Zweiten Weltkrieges.

Eine vergleichende Analyse’, 1999. Zeitschrift für Sozialgeschichte des 20. und 21.

Jahrhunderts, part 1 (1996), 30–54. On the problem of Dutch collaboration, see

Hirschfeld, Nazi Rule.

270. PAA, Inland II g 182, Dienststelle Brüssel to the AA, 11 Nov. 1942. On the German

persecution of the Jews in Belgium, see Maxime Steinberg, L’Etoile et le Fusil. La

Question Juive 1940–1942 (Brussels, 1983); Hilberg, Destruction, 635 ff., and the essays

in the collection, Dan Michman, ed., Belgium and the Holocaust: Jews, Belgians,

Germans (Jerusalem, 1998).

271. Hilberg, Destruction, 641 ff.

272. Some significant results of the comparison by Zeller and Griffioen in ‘Judenverfol-

gung’.

273. Telegram from Dienststelle AA Brüssel to AA, 9 July 1942, published in S. Klarsfeld

and M. Steinberg, Die Endlösung der Judenfrage in Belgien. Dokumente (Paris, 1980),

32–3. According to this, there were concerns on the part of the military administration

about the deportation of Jews of Belgian nationality.

274. Juliane Wetzel, ‘Frankreich und Belgien’, in Benz, Dimension 129.

275. Report Dienststelle AA Brüssel, 24 Sept. 1942 as well as Militärbefehlshaber to Feldund Oberfeldkommandanturen, 25 Sept. 1942, published in Klarsfeld and Steinberg,

Endlösung, 45 ff.

276. See p. 285.

277. PAA, Inland II g 177, note from Luther, 21 Aug. 1942; Inland II g 183, German Embassy to AA, 6 July 1942; cf. Frederick Barry Chary, ‘Bulgaria and the Jews: “The Final

Solution”, 1940 to 1944’, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh, 1968, 77. On the events at the

end of 1941 see PAA, Inland II g 183, Note of 27 Nov. 1942 (also published in Akten zur

Deutschen Auswärtigen Politik (ADAP) E I 132–3) and [presentation note] Luther, 4

Dec. 1941, in the same file.

Notes to pages 364–366

557

278. Browning, Final Solution, 103.

279. The procedure is shown in PAA, Inland II g 200; cf. Browning, Final Solution,

103–4.

280. See PAA, Inland II g 208, note from Luther, 11 Aug. 1942 and letter from Luther to

German Embassy, 17 Aug. 1942, ibid. See Randolph L. Braham, The Politics of

Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary, rev. edn, 2 vols (New York, 1994), 261 ff.

281. PAA, Inland II g 208, [presentation note] from Luther for Ribbentrop, 19 Sept. 1942, cf.

Meir Michaelis, Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian Relations and the Jewish

Question in Italy, 1922–1945 (Oxford, 1978), 317 ff.

282. PAA, Inland II g 192, cf. Browning, Final Solution, 107.

283. PAA, Inland II g 177.

284. Browning, Final Solution 93.

285. PAA, Inland II g 183, instruction from Luther, 19 June 1942.

286. PAA, Inland II g 194. See Hilberg, Destruction, 756 ff.; Holm Sundhausen, ‘Jugosla-

wien’, in Benz, ed., Dimension, 323. Sundhausen quotes the report by the German

ambassador, Kasche, of 24 July 1942 in Inland II g 78/2, H 300390 ff.

287. Andreas Hillgruber, ed., Staatsmänner und Diplomaten bei Hitler. Vertrauliche

Aufzeichnungen über Unterredungen mit Vertretern des Auslandes 1939–1941

(Frankfurt a. M., 1961), i. 575 ff., Note of 9 June 1941 concerning the conversation

of 6 June 1941. The expression ‘ethnic cleansing’ (Flurbereinigung) was used by

Hitler.

288. Jozo Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: Occupation and Collaboration,

(Stanford, 2001), 392 ff.

289. Hilberg, Destruction, 756 ff.; Tomasevich, War, 592 ff.

290. Hilberg, Destruction, 714 f.

291. PAA, Inland II g/86, 300363.

292. Czech, Kalendarium, 18, 22, 26 and 30 Aug. 1942.

293. ND NO 5193, Bericht des Inspektors für Statistik (Korherr-Bericht), 19 Apr. 1943.

294. See p. 229.

295. On the Romanian Judenpolitik see Jean Ancel, ‘German-Romanian Relations during

the Second World War’, in Randolph L. Braham, ed., The Tragedy of Romanian Jews

(New York, 1994), 57–76; Braham, ‘Antonescu and the Jews’, YVS 23 (1993), 213–80;

Hilberg, Destruction, 808 ff.; Krista Zach, ‘Rumänien’, in Benz, Dimension, 31 ff. Radu

Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the

Antonescu Regime 1940–1944 (Chicago, 1999).

296. PAA, Inland II g 203, Killinger to D III, 6 Aug. 1941.

297. PAA, Inland II g 200, Message from Killinger to AA v. 12 Aug. 1942; Browning, Final

Solution, 115 ff.

298. The Romanian Commissar for the Jews, Lecca, announced to members of the German

press on 7 August that the Jews would be ‘resettled’ from Romania ‘within a short

time’; in PAA, Inland II g 200, Report by Richter. The Bukarester Tageblatt reported

the following day under the heading ‘Romania cleansed of Jews’, that 25,000 Jews had

already been deported ‘to the East, via Transnistria’ in September and October.

Further contingents were to follow in the spring of 1943; by the autumn of 1943 all

Jews were to have left Romania.

558

Notes to pages 366–370

299. PAA, Inland II g 177, note by Luther, 21 Aug. 1942.

300. PAA, Inland II g 177.

301. PAA, Inland II g 177, note by Luther, 21 Aug. 1942.

302. Details of the Hungarian Judenpolitik in Braham, Politics.

303. See p. 224.

304. Braham, Politics, 214 ff.

305. PAA, Inland II g 208, letter from OKW, Wehrwirtschaftsamt to AA, 21 July 1942;

cf. also Braham, Politics, 284 ff.

306. PAA, Inland II g 208, Himmler to Ribbentrop, 30 Nov. 1942.

307. In the same file.

308. Frederik Chary, The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution 1940–1944 (Pittsburgh,

1981), 44 ff. and 80 ff.

309. Ibid. 80 ff.

310. PAA, Inland II g 183, Presentation note by Luther of 10 September; Note by Sonn-

leithner, 15 Sept. 1942. On these deportation preparations See Chary, Bulgarian Jews,

113 ff.; Browning, Final Solution, 123; Hans-Joachim Hoppe, ‘Bulgarien’, in Benz,

Dimension, 285–6.

311. PAA, Inland II g 194, Presentation note by Luther for Ribbentrop, 24 July 1942 and AA to Envoy Kasche, 10 Aug. 1942; cf. Browning, Final Solution, 115.

312. PAA, Inland II g 177, Presentation note by Luther for Ribbentrop, 11 Sept. 1942; see Daniel Carpi, ‘The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia’, in Daniel

Cesarani and Sarah Kavanaugh, eds, Nazi Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical

Studies (London, 2004), v. 670–730.

313. Ibid.

314. PAA, Inland II g 194, note for Luther, 17 Sept. 1942; cf. Browning, Final Solution, 122–3.

315. Details in Hagen Fleischer, ‘Griechenland’, in Benz, Dimension, 241 ff. and Mark

Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941–1944 (New

Haven and London, 1993), 235 ff.

316. PAA, Inland II g 190, Suhr to Rademacher, 11 July 1942. On the Italian attitude see also Daniel Carpi, ‘Notes on the History of the Jews in Greece during the Holocaust Period:

The Attitude of the Italians (1941–1943)’, in Cesarani and Kavanaugh, eds, Nazi

Holocaust, v. 731–68, 738 ff.

317. See PAA, Inland II g 190; dealt with in detail in Browning, Final Solution, 136–7, 140–1.

318. Hannu Rautkallio, Finland and the Holocaust: The Rescue of Finland’s Jews (New

York, 1987), 163 ff. See critical comments on this in William B. Cohen and Jörgen

Svensson, ‘Finland and the Holocaust’, HGS 9 (1995), 94–120, esp. 82–3.

319. See Hillgruber, Staatsmänner, ii. 106 ff. about the Hitler–Antonescu discussion and PAA, Inland II g 200, report from Richter, 26 Nov. 1942 about Antonescu’s statements concerning his special discussion with Ribbentrop. See also Browning, Final Solution, 124–5.

320. PAA, Inland II g 208, note from Luther to Weizsäcker of 24 Sept. 1942.

321. See p. 324.

322. See Hillgruber, Staatsmänner, ii. 111 ff. report, 25 Sept. 1942, about the meeting of 24

Sept.

323. PAA, Inland II g 194, Büro RAM to Luther, 25 Sept. 1942.

324. See pp. 326, 404.

Notes to pages 370–376

559

325. See various documents by Richter and Luther in PAA, Inland II g 200.

326. PAA, Inland II g 177.

327. See Hilberg, Destruction, 845 f.

328. PAA, Inland II g 183, Deutsche Gesandtschaft an AA, 2.11.

329. PAA, Inland II g 183, report of 16 Nov. 1942, attached Bulgarian verbal note of 12 Nov.

Cf. on this subject Chary, Bulgarian Jews, 118 ff.

330. IfZ, MA 1538/2 (NA, T 175/658), vol. 9, note about discussion on 23 Oct. 1942, in which the Romanian Judenkommissar, Lecca also took part, 24 Oct. 1942.

331. PAA, Inland II g 183, sent by Schellenberg, 21 Nov. 1942.

332. Cf. Braham, Politics, 287 ff. and Browning, Final Solution, 128 ff.

333. PAA, Inland II g 208, report from Luther about this to Ribbentrop, 6 Oct. 1942.

334. Instruction from Luther to Jagow, 14 October; report from Jagow, 17 Oct. 1942, both in PAA, Inland II g 208.

335. See PAA, Inland II g 208, report from Jagow of 27 October and 13 Nov. 1942 about

conversations with Kállay.

336. Ibid., letter from Himmler to Ribbentrop, 30 Nov. 1942.

337. ND NG 4586, report from Wisliceny, 8 Oct. 1942; cf. Braham, Politics, 288 ff.

338. PAA, Inland II g, message from Luther to Rademacher, 14 Dec. 1942.

339. See the extensive correspondence between the missions and Luther in October and

November 1942, in PAA, Inland II g 194. On this process, in greater detail, Browning,

Final Solution, 137 ff.

340. See in particular Carpi, ‘The Rescue of Jews’, 670–720, 465 ff.

341. PAA, Inland II g 192.

342. PAA, Inland II g 194, Report from the legation in Zagreb.

343. Hans Thomsen, Deutsche Besatzungspolitik in Dänemark 1940–1945 (Düsseldorf, 1971);

See Herbert, Best, 330 ff.

344. Samuel Abrahamsen, Norway’s Response to the Holocaust (New York, 1991), 83 ff.

345. Ibid. 104 ff. On the deportation of the Norwegian Jews see also Hilberg, Destruction, 584 ff.

346. Abrahamsen, Norway’s Response, 130 ff.

18.

The Further Development of the Policy of Extermination after the

Turning of the War in 1942–1943: Continuation of the Murders

and Geographical Expansion of the Deportations

1. Decrees of 28 Oct. and 14 Nov. 1942; VOBlGG, 665–6 and 683 ff.

2. See Katzmann Report (018-L, IMT xxxvii. 391 ff.) of 30 June 1943: ‘With the further

instruction of the Higher SS and Police Leader the accelerated total resettlement of the

Jews to be carried out.’ This decision, must, as the context of the report reveals, have

been made after the decree of 10 Nov. 1942 and before the erection of the large camp in

Lemberg for 8,000 Jews.

3. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 248 ff.

4. Arad, Belzec, 393 ff.; Mlynarczyk, Judenmord, 277; Seidel, Besatzungspolitik, 339 ff.

5. Frank Golczewski, ‘Polen’, in Benz, ed., Dimension, 476.

6. Ibid. 392–3.

560

Notes to pages 376–381

7. ND NO 1882, Himmler to Krüger, 11 Jan. 1943.

8. NS 19/1740; see also Himmler’s order to Krüger, 16 Feb. 1943. On 23 July 1943 Pohl

informs Himmler that the concentration camp in the Warsaw ghetto has been

constructed (ibid.).

9. Arad, Belzec, 392; Gutman, Jews, 307 ff.

10. Jan Erik Schulte, ‘Zwangsarbeit für die SS: Juden in der Ostindustrie Gmbh’, in Norbert Frei et al., Ausbeutung, Vernichtung, Öffentlichkeit: Darstellungen und Quellen zur

Geschichte von Auschwitz (Munich, 2000), 43–74.

11. Literature on the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: Gutman, Jews; Daniel Blatman, For Our

Freedom and Yours: Jewish Labour Bund in Poland 1939–1949 (Jerusalem, 1998); Reuben

Ainsztein, The Warsaw Ghetto Revolt (New York, 1979).

12. Shmuel Krakowski, War of the Doomed (New York, 1984).

13. BAB, NS 19/2648, 12 May 1943; see also the file note from Himmler, 10 May 1943, in

which he stated that the ‘evacuation of the remaining 300,000 Jews in the General

Government was to be carriedout . . . at the greatest speed’ (original published in

Faschismus, ed. Berenstein et al., no. 278, S.354–5); cf. Sandkühler, Endlösung, 197

14. Diensttagebuch, ed. Präg and Jacobmeyer, 31 May 1943, p. 682; see also Himmler’s

telephone notes, 20 May 1943: ‘Judenevakuierung’ (BAB, NS 19/1440).

15. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 246 ff.; Sandkühler, Endlösung, 194 ff.

16. Report from Katzmann to Krüger, 30 June 1943; published in Faschismus, ed. Beren-

stein et al., no., 284, pp. 358 ff. It is, however, unlikely that Katzmann was actually in a position to name the number of victims with such great precision; the figure he gives

must therefore refer only to the extent of the mass murder for which he was

responsible.

17. BAB, NS 19/1432, file memorandum Himmler, 19 June 1943, resolution Bandenbe-

kämpfung.

18. Pohl, Lublin, 160. Pohl, Krüger, und Globocnik agreed to take over the camps in a

discussion held on 7 Sept. 1943 (note from Pohl on the same day, ND NO 599, published

in Faschismus, ed. Berenstein et al., no. 370, pp. 459–60.

19. ND NO 1036, Minute of 19 Jan. 1944 betr. die Umwandlung der Zwangsarbeitslager der

SSPF in KZ.

20. BAB, NS 19/1740, 11 June 1943., Himmler to Pohl and Kaltenbrunner. Himmler speci-

fied that ‘a large park be laid out’ on the area of the former ghetto.

21. Pohl, Ostgalizien, 348 ff.; Schulte, ‘Zwangsarbert’, 59.

22. BAB, NS 19/1571, Himmler’s, order of 5 July 1943; after objections from Pohl and

Globobnik Himmler withdrew his order on 20 July 1943 (letter from Brandt, 20 July

1943, ibid.), but on 24 July 1943 he renewed his instruction.

23. By September 1943 he distanced himself from this order again, but in December he

renewed it.

24. Faschismus, ed. Berenstein et al., no. 290, pp. 369–70, letter from Greiser to Pohl, 14 Feb.

1944. Reference is also made there to Himmler’s order of 11 June 1942, the original of

which has disappeared. In greater detail, see Michael Alberti, Die Verfolgung und

Vernichtung der Juden im Reichsgau Wartheland, 1939–1945 (Wiesbaden, 2006), 472 ff.

25. Alberti, Verfolgung, 473–4.

26. Ibid. 481 ff.

Notes to pages 381–383

561