Jacksonland: A Great American Land Grab (41 page)

dancing was a
“temptation”
Ibid
.,
p. 13.

From 1810 to 1821 he edited the
Panoplist
:
Ibid
.,
p. 55.

“the entire subjugation of the world to Christ”
Ibid
.,
p. 64.

“a stupid contempt of death”
Ibid
.,
p. 77.

$3.235 billion
Ibid.

“I was never in a place where so many people might give largely”
Ibid
.,
p. 117.

“exceedingly disconsolate, much as if they were led to execution”
Journal extract, from ibid
.,
p. 114.

“Black men will at last be free”
Ibid.
,
p. 84.

a journey of 768 miles
Oliphant,
Through the South and West with Jeremiah Evarts in 1826,
p. 117.

He stayed for days at Brainerd . . . admiring the sun setting
Evarts journal reproduced in Tracy,
Memoir of the Life of Jeremiah Evarts, Esq.,
pp. 120–21.

twenty-five-acre compound . . . John McDonald
Moulton,
John Ross, Cherokee Chief,
p. 7.

“disappearance from the human family would be no great loss to the world”
Clay’s remark described in Adams diary entry, December 21, 1825,
Memoirs of John Quincy Adams
, vol. 7,
pp. 89–90.

“The Cherokees are human beings”
National Intelligencer
, August 8, 1829.

Some forty other newspapers reprinted his essays
Portnoy,
Their Right to Speak,
p. 26.

“The Letters . . . of WILLIAM PENN” 
National Intelligencer
, October 14, 1829, quoted in ibid.
,
p. 27.

even John Marshall . . . read and approved of them
Oliphant,
Through the South and West with Jeremiah Evarts in 1826,
p. 55.

Part Six: State of the Union, 1829–1830
Chapter Twenty: They Have Been Led to Look Upon Us as Unjust

“Every Indian . . . principal occupations of an Indian”
Cass, “Removal of the Indians,” p. 75.

“We speak of them as they are”
Ibid., p. 74.

the magazine published a rebuttal
Portnoy,
Their Right to Speak,
p. 26.

“We believe, if the Indians do not emigrate . . . they must perish”
Banner,
How the Indians Lost Their Land,
p. 209.

“not an improvable breed”
Adams diary entry, December 21, 1825,
Memoirs of John Quincy Adams
, vol. 7,
p. 90.

“free from the mercenary influence . . . control over their interests”
Jackson to James Gadsden, October 12, 1829, Owsley et al.,
Papers of Andrew Jackson,
vol. 7, pp. 491–92.

“the condition of the Indians within the limits”
Ibid.
,
pp.
609–10.

“a power which should be placed in the hands of no individual”
Eaton draft of first annual message,
ibid.,
p. 623.

“our ancestors found them the uncontrolled
possessors
of these vast regions”
Jackson’s first annual message as delivered, December 8, 1829,
Journal of the Senate,
21
st
Cong., 1
st
Sess., p. 6.

“A crisis seems to be fast approaching”
Ross, Annual Message, Moulton,
Papers of Chief John Ross
, vol. 1
, p. 172.

Chapter Twenty-one: The Expediency of Setting Fire

it was rumors of gold that lured Hernando de Soto
Williams,
Georgia Gold Rush,
p. 8.

the first public announcement was a news article
Ibid.
,
p. 24.

“whites, Indians, halfbreeds”
Ibid.
,
p. 26.

boomtown that would be called Dahlonega
Ibid.
,
p. 25.

“idle, profligate people . . . loosed from the restraints of the law”
Governor George Gilmer, cited in ibid.
,
p. 26.

“almost all had departed”
Cherokee Phoenix
, April 7, 1830, p. 2.

Over the course of
1830 . . . $212,000 worth of gold to the U.S. Mint
Williams,
Georgia Gold Rush
, p. 28.

“could not for a moment think of seeing [the paper] stopped”
Ross to National Committee and National Council, November 4, 1829, Moulton,
Papers of Chief John Ross
, vol. 1,
p. 176.

from Ross’s own pocket
Ibid.

“With the view of preventing erroneous impressions”
All text of letter from Ross to Boudinot, February 13, 1830,
ibid.,
pp. 184–87.

The
Indian agent did try to warn them off
Cherokee Phoenix
, March 11, 1829, p. 3, and December 30, 1829, p. 2.

“such person shall forfeit the protection of the United States”
Ross, Annual Message, Moulton,
Papers of Chief John Ross
, vol. 1
, p. 172.

“arrogated to themselves . . . from their houses”
Cherokee Phoenix
, April 7, 1830, p. 2.

“Some of the
officers of the United States
 . . .
enrol themselves for the Arkansas
”:
From statement by settlers, March 19, 1830, reprinted in
ibid.

Chapter Twenty-two: Sway the Empire of Affection

“distressing and disastrous consequences . . . I was greatly excited”
Beecher,
Educational
Reminiscences and Suggestions,
p. 62.

charitable organizations that promoted public virtue
Hershberger, “
Mobilizing Women, Anticipating Abolition,”
pp. 18–19.

“by no means excluding females”
Lincoln to the editor of the
Sangamo Journal
, June 13, 1836,
Speeches and Writings, 1832–1858
, p. 5.

“The present crisis”
This and the following Beecher quotes from Ladies’ Circular as printed in “Circular Addressed to Benevolent Ladies of the United States,”
Connecticut Courant
, December 29, 1829, p. 1.

“The circular was to be printed”
Beecher,
Educational
Reminiscences and Suggestions,
p. 63.

“It seemed as if I had a decided genius”
Ibid.
,
p. 13.

“the busiest of all creatures in doing nothing”
Ibid.
,
p. 26.

Catharine refused to accept this as a certainty
White,
The Beecher Sisters,
p. 6.

she developed her own book
Beecher, Educational Reminiscences and Suggestions
,
pp. 28–29.

“but the more intelligent and influential women came to my aid . . . ever since”
Ibid.
,
p. 33.

Women started recruiting husbands, sons, and brothers
Portnoy,
Their Right to Speak,
p. 26.

One young man . . . organized opposition at Andover
Hershberger, “Mobilizing Women, Anticipating Abolition,” p. 40.

Newspapers reprinted the women’s circular
For example,
Connecticut Courant
, December 29, 1829, p. 1.

editors were uncertain of its propriety
Hershberger, “Mobilizing Women, Anticipating Abolition,” p. 18.

public meetings were held in every city
Beecher,
Educational
Reminiscences and Suggestions,
p. 64.

that delicacy of feeling
Petition from Farmington, Maine, February 22, 1830. National Archives, Box HR 21A-G-7.1 to HR 21A-G-8.2.

“I was asked one day by an outsider”
Ibid.

“I suddenly found myself utterly prostrated”
Ibid.
,
p. 65.

“We affirm, that every
slaveholder
is a
man-stealer
”
Grimké,
Letters to Catharine E. Beecher,
p. 4.

“petitions to congress”
Beecher,
Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism,
p. 104.

“thousands of petitions, signed by more than a million”
Lumpkin,
Removal of the Cherokees from Georgia
,
p. 47.

thousands of signatures
Petitions to Committee on Indian Affairs, 1830–31, National Archives, Box HR 21A-G-8.2, Box HR 21A-G-8.2 (cont’d), Box HR 21A-G-7.1 to HR 21A-G-8.2, Box HR 21A-G-9.1. In studying them the author was following the example of Alisse Portnoy, author of
Their Right to Speak.

“no disrespect . . . unbenevolent males”
Hershberger, “Mobilizing Women, Anticipating Abolition,” p. 29.

Massachusetts, Maine, Vermont
Petitions to Committee on Indian Affairs, as above.

activists concluded that if Indian removal was wrong
Hershberger, “Mobilizing Women, Anticipating Abolition,” pp. 35–37.

“eternal infamy”
Ibid., p. 36.

reprinted articles from the
Cherokee Phoenix
:
Ibid.,
p. 36.

Part Seven: Checks and Balances, 1830–1832
Chapter Twenty-three: Legislative

“My life has never been free from care and responsibility”
All of Lumpkin’s speech from Lumpkin,
Removal of the Cherokees from Georgia
,
pp. 57–74.

“such tribes or nations of Indians as may choose to exchange the lands”
American State Papers, Senate Bill 102, 21st Cong., p. 1.

he had arrived in 1827 with something like this in mind
Lumpkin,
Removal of the Cherokees from Georgia,
p. 42.

first dozen miles
Niles’ Weekly Register, May 22, 1830, p. 232.

what is now Wisconsin
It was Fort Winnebago. Monroe and McIntosh, eds., Papers of Jefferson Davis, pp. 129–67.

In 1830 Lyman Beecher’s Boston church burned
Hayward,
Lyman Beecher,
p. 47.

Second Lieutenant Robert E. Lee
: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, p. 57.

“White men, beware . . . mighty chasms”
Lepore,
In the Name of War,
p. 202.

on February 1, 1830, when a man in the Creek Nation
Niles’ Weekly Register
, June 5, 1830, vol. 38, p. 270.

roughly the same route General Lafayette had taken
Both were likely on or near the federal road described in Benton,
Very Worst Road.

Believing the Creek man was drunk
Details of the incident as reported by the
Mobile Register
and reprinted in
Niles’ Weekly Register
, June 5, 1830, vol. 38, p. 270; also Stuart,
Three Years in North America
,
p. 166.

Two troops of cavalry, along with a troop of volunteers
Stuart,
Three Years in North America
,
p. 168.

“has thrown the whole country into commotion”
Mobile Register
, reprinted in
Niles’ Weekly Register
, June 5, 1830, vol. 38, p. 270.

“on account of the delinquency of one individual”
Stuart,
Three Years in North America
,
p. 168.

“It may be contended, with much plausibility
”
Ibid.
,
p. 174.

“handsomely dressed . . . not too nearly inspected”
Ibid.
,
p. 168.

“cheerfully . . . the example of the white man”
American State Papers, Register of Debates, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., May 15, 1830, p. 993.

“incorporate with us as citizens of the United States”
Jefferson to William Henry Harrison, February 27, 1803. Prucha, Documents
of United States Indian Policy
, p. 22.

“Georgia will yield . . . the horrors of civil war”
Speech printed in Evarts,
Speeches on the Passage of the Bill for the Removal of the Indians,
p. 29.

Moving tens of thousands of Indians would cost many times more
Speech printed in ibid.
,
pp. 290–94.

“Several of my colleagues got around me”
Crockett,
Narrative,
pp. 205–6.

“I have been told I will be prostrated”
Evarts,
Speeches on the Passage of the Bill for the Removal of the Indians,
p. 253.

“has an elasticity and buoyancy of spirit”
Margaret Bayard Smith to Mrs. Boyd, Spring 1829, Smith,
First Forty Years of Washington Society,
pp. 285–86.

“We are enjoined by every duty”
Clay,
Address Delivered to the Colonization Society of Kentucky,
p. 4.

“The distinguished orator of the West”
Lumpkin,
Removal of the Cherokees from Georgia
, p. 73.

“Where do you find one solitary opponent”
Ibid.
,
p. 74.