Jacksonland: A Great American Land Grab (49 page)

Polk, James, 341

Potawatomi, 5

presidential elections:

of 1824, 101, 135–36, 143–44, 145–46, 149–50, 153–56, 167

of 1828, 19, 104, 171, 173, 180, 183–84, 191

of 1836, 307

Quakers, 320

railroads, 137, 231, 265

Rattlesnake Springs, 128–29

Red Clay, 295, 302, 323

Red Sticks, 14–15, 34, 35, 38–50, 102, 285

Revolutionary War, 27, 161, 178, 250

Cherokee and, 25

Lafayette in, 134, 135, 145

Ridge, John, 66, 178, 258, 277, 295–96, 297

murder of, 343

Ross and, 274–75

Ridge, Major, 7, 26, 44, 47, 66, 87, 90, 118, 121–24, 178, 211, 213, 214, 247, 249, 270, 274, 275, 328

Boudinot and, 176–77

in Cherokee Regiment, 26–27, 44, 123

Creeks and, 124

Doublehead and, 123

emigration of, 312–13

Jackson and, 157–58

murder of, 343

name of, 123

portrait of, 122

Ross and, 124

Treaty of New Echota and, 297–99, 301

upbringing of, 26, 122–23

in Washington, D.C., 157–58

wife of, 123–24

Rise of American Democracy, The (Wilentz), 350

Rome, 151

Roosevelt, Theodore, 343

The Winning of the West, 350–51

Roots (Haley), 100

Ross, Andrew (John’s brother), 279–80, 299

Ross, Daniel (John’s father), 55, 56

Ross, Jane (John’s daughter), 329

Ross, John, 1–4, 6–7, 29, 34, 36, 38, 55, 160, 188–92, 198, 219–20, 236, 246, 247, 261, 262, 270, 273, 297, 344, 346

annual message of, 209

Atkinson farm and, 109–10, 111–12

birth of, 25, 54, 59

capture of, 292–93, 294, 295

Cherokee constitutional convention and, 121, 124–28

and Cherokee efforts to evict white settlers, 212–15

in Cherokee emigration, 313, 315, 318, 319–20, 322, 326, 328, 329–36, 342–43

Cherokee Light Horse commanded by, 109, 111, 112–13, 212–13

on Cherokee Nation boundary, 53, 108

as Cherokee Nation leader, 1, 4, 6, 9–10, 57–58, 122, 124, 172

Cherokee Phoenix and, 172

in Cherokee Regiment, 5, 16, 22–25, 27, 41, 44, 45, 46, 50, 279

Cherokees’ support for, 249, 273, 276

children of, 23, 65, 107, 189

Christianity and, 65, 126–27

correspondence between federal commissioners and, 176

criticisms of, among Cherokees, 273, 276, 278

death of, 343

education of, 56

efforts to push white settlers off Cherokee lands, 108

Evarts and, 194, 195, 198–99

family history of, 53–56, 60

federal courts and, 244

and $5 million price for Cherokee land, 291, 296

Georgia and, 114, 117, 120

at Green Corn Festival, 54, 59

home claimed by white family, 291

homes of, 107–8, 211–12, 340

Jackson and, 4–5, 6, 7, 24, 85, 88, 90, 278–82, 284, 299, 330–33

Jackson written to by, 45, 107–8, 112–13, 190–91, 280–81

Kooweskoowe name of, 2, 54

land of, 57, 58

Marshall and, 251

McIntosh and, 164

mixed-race identity of, 2–4, 27, 53–54, 56–57, 58, 281, 310

Monroe and, 111, 128

North Carolina and, 128–30

physical appearance of, 56–57, 303

portrait of, 56

portrayals of, 351

promotion of, 65

Ridge (John) and, 274–75

Ridge (Major) and, 124

rise to prominence, 6

Scott and, 316

Seminoles and, 286–87, 310–11

slaves of, 57, 67, 199

Supreme Court decisions and, 247–48, 250, 251, 252, 255

Tennessee River journey of, 1–2, 8, 9, 58, 80

Treaty of New Echota and, 303

Van Buren and, 321, 322

and violence over land, 211–15

War of 1812 and, 6

in Washington, D.C., 86–87, 117, 118, 157, 158, 188–89, 190, 191, 278–80, 309–10, 343

wealth of, 57

white horsemen and, 2–4, 58

Wirt and, 252

Wool and, 300–302, 304

Worcester and, 242

Ross, Lewis (John’s brother), 23, 317, 333, 335

Ross, Mary (John’s second wife), 343

Ross, Mollie (John’s mother), 55

Ross, Quatie (Elizabeth; John’s first wife), 23, 65, 67, 107, 189

death of, 343

Ross’s Landing, 8, 57

Rossville, 340

Royall, Anne, 94

St. Augustine, 311

St. Louis, 29

Salem, 329

Savannah, 161, 162

Schermerhorn, John F., 295, 296, 299

Schlesinger, Arthur, 350

Scots-Irish, 68–69

Scott, Winfield, 316–19, 322–23, 324, 325, 326, 328, 330, 332, 334, 344

sectional politics, 260, 261

Seminoles, 9, 232–33, 272, 284–85, 300

Creeks and, 284

Jackson and, 102

Ross and, 286–87, 310–11

Second Seminole War, 286–87, 308–9, 310, 316, 342

slaves and, 285

Seneca Falls convention, 218

Sequoyah (George Guess), 24, 90, 171, 274

Sevier, John, 73

Sigourney, Mrs., 221, 223

slaves, slavery, 9, 30–31, 38, 96, 124, 141, 159, 160, 162, 184

abolition and, 142, 198, 204, 224

auction of, 198

Beecher’s view of, 224–25

in Black Belt, 341

Cherokee Phoenix and, 175

Clay and, 141–42

emancipation of, 226, 341, 342

escaped, 99, 140–41, 285

Garrison and, 226

in Georgia, 114

Jackson and, 70, 71, 72, 99, 140, 183

Missouri Compromise and, 261

Ross and, 57, 67, 199

Seminoles and, 285

Tocqueville on, 268

transport to Africa proposed for, 141–42, 175, 204, 226, 238

uprisings of, 159–60, 268

women against, 224–25

Smith, Margaret Bayard, 147, 148, 181, 183, 238

South Carolina, 115, 159–61, 185, 187, 197, 207, 232, 236, 257, 258, 260, 261

Cherokee land in, 160–61

Spain, 55, 63, 269

and Jackson’s invasion of Florida, 102

Standing Turkey, 61

steamboat service, 30, 137, 267–68

Storrs, Henry R., 234–35, 276

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 217, 218

Sunday mail service, 185, 217

Supreme Court, U.S., 162, 250, 251, 256–58, 261, 272, 274, 341

Brown v. Board of Education, 259

Cherokee Nation and, 247–49, 251–54, 255–60

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 247–49

Dred Scott decision of, 341

Worcester v. Georgia, 251–54

Takaki, Ronald, 350

Talladega, 27

Talladega National Forest, 337

Tallapoosa River, 27–28, 42, 44–45, 88, 123, 337

Tammany Hall, 139

Taney, Roger, 341

Tassel, George, 247

taxes, 185, 229, 240

Tecumseh, 32–34, 203

Telfair, Mary, 162

Tennessee, 8, 16, 20, 29, 70, 73, 83, 101, 122, 127, 139, 167, 236, 279–80

Tennessee Company, 82

Tennessee River, 8, 55, 81–82, 84, 85, 100, 107, 108, 231, 327, 338

Muscle Shoals, 2, 8, 80–84, 90–91, 92–94, 96, 98–100, 141, 231, 312–13, 339

Ross’s journey on, 1–2, 8, 9, 58, 80

Tennessee Valley, 9, 80, 81, 89, 91, 97, 137, 338

cotton and, 94–95

Texas, 306–7, 310, 341

Thayer, Sylvanus, 137–38

Thirty-Ninth Regiment, 14, 15, 27, 44

Thomas, William H., 345

Thompson, Wiley, 283–85

Timberlake, Henry, 61–63, 65

Tippecanoe, 32

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 268–69

Tohopeka, see Horseshoe Bend

Toward the Setting Sun (Hicks), 351

traders, 53, 60

Trail of Tears, 312–36, 342–43, 346, 350

Trail of Tears (Ehle), 351

treaties, U.S.–Indian, 32, 83, 253–54

with Cherokees, 6, 25–26, 47–48

of Dancing Rabbit Creek, 272

of Fort Jackson, 50, 80, 84

of Hopewell, 66

of Indian Springs, 164–66

of New Echota, 296–99, 300–305, 321

Treaty of Paris, 69, 115

Trollope, Frances, 157

Troup, George M., 7, 117, 161–62, 163, 164–65, 166

Truth’s Advocate and Monthly Anti-Jackson Expositor, 183, 184

Tsali, 344

Tugaloo River, 115

Turner, Nat, 268

Tuscaroras, 61

Tuscumbian, 137

Tuskina, 233, 234

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 218

United States:

Cherokees assimilated into, 9, 25

Constitution of, 70, 121, 125, 147, 244, 247, 250, 254

electoral votes and, 149, 154

and Jackson’s invasion of Florida, 102, 148

preamble of, 125–26

Declaration of Independence of, 69, 199

Greco-Roman tradition and, 151–52

map of, vs. Indian map, 8, 29, 63–64, 108, 114, 187, 206, 235, 236, 254

special role of, 196

Western frontier of, 29–30, 69

United States Congress, 138, 185, 195, 223, 224

House of Representatives, 133–35, 139, 146, 151

Clay in, 147–48, 150, 152

Indian Removal Bill and, 229–30

Jackson’s Florida campaign and, 147–49

Senate, 147, 149, 151

United States government:

alcohol sales and, 31

Bureau of Indian Affairs, 157

Cherokee delegations to, 87–88, 117, 118, 158, 190, 256, 278–80, 295–96

Cherokees’ annuities from, 6

Indian agents, 6, 190–91

Ridge’s visit to, 157–58

Ross’s visits to, 86–87, 117, 118, 157, 158, 188–89, 190, 191, 278–80, 309–10

treaties with Indian, 32, 83, 253–54

with Cherokees, 6, 25–26, 47–48

of Dancing Rabbit Creek, 272

of Fort Jackson, 50, 80, 84

of Hopewell, 66

of Indian Springs, 164–66

of New Echota, 296–99, 300–305, 321

War Department, 47, 301, 304, 310, 313, 316, 318–21

United States Telegraph, 176, 193

U.S. Military Academy, 137–38, 231, 232

U.S. Mint, 211

Van Buren, Martin, 146, 184, 186, 265–66, 272, 307–8, 316, 319, 320, 331, 332, 349

Cherokees and, 309–10

Osceola and, 309

Ross and, 321, 322

Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 137, 267–68

Vann, James, 338

Vesey, Denmark, 159–60

Vietnam War, 286

violence, 47

voting rights, 218

Wachacha, Adam, 346–47

Wadsworth, Mrs. Daniel, 221

Ward, Nancy, 66

War Department, 47, 301, 304, 310, 313, 316, 318–21

War Hawks, 147

War of 1812, 3, 203, 300, 316

administraive chaos in, 35–36

British burning of Capitol during, 86, 133

Cherokee Regiment in, 5, 24–28, 87, 124

Creeks and, 41, 42, 44–46, 48

establishment of, 26

at Horseshoe Bend, 42–50, 67, 87, 123, 279

Ridge in, 26–27, 44, 123

Ross in, 5, 16, 22–25, 27, 41, 44, 45, 46, 50, 279

Creek in, 14–15

end of, 77, 144

Evarts and, 197

Jackson in, see Jackson, Andrew, in War of 1812

Ross and, 6

Washington, D.C., 86–87

British burning of, 86, 133

Capitol in, 86, 133

Cherokee delegations in, 87–88, 117, 118, 158, 190, 256, 278–80, 295–96

Ridge in, 157–58

Ross in, 86–87, 117, 118, 157, 158, 188–89, 190, 191, 278–80, 309–10, 343

Washington, George, 121, 134, 167, 250

Cherokee treaty and, 25–26

Indians and, 25–26, 63–64, 219–20

Weatherford, William (Lamochattee), 38–39, 48–49

Webster, Daniel, 244–45, 246, 261, 266

Webster, L. B., 324–26

West Point, 137–38, 231, 232

Whale, 44

Whig Party, 265, 277, 280, 316, 332

White Path, 304

Wickliffe, Charles, 231

Wilentz, Sean, 350

Wilkinson, James, 55

Willard Hotel, 188–89

Wilson, Woodrow, 349

Winning of the West, The (Roosevelt), 350–51

Wirt, William, 246–47, 248, 266

Marshall and, 250–51

Ross and, 252

Worcester v. Georgia and, 251–54

Wisconsin, 231

Wolf, Jerry, 347

women, 218

campaign against Indian removal by, 218–21, 223–26

Cherokee, 9, 25, 61, 65–67

slavery issue and, 224–25

voting rights for, 218

Wood, John, 13–14, 15, 17–21, 22, 29, 36, 183, 282

Woodward, Grace Steele, 351

Wool, John E., 300–305, 316, 318

Worcester, Ann, 242, 296

Worcester, Samuel, 127, 174, 177, 194, 242–45, 250, 251–52, 254, 260, 261, 272, 296, 327

arrest and imprisonment of, 243–44, 255, 258, 259, 260

Boudinot and, 243

Worcester v. Georgia, 251–54

Wright, Milly, 339–40

Yale College, 196–97

Yazoo fraud, 116, 118

Zinn, Howard,
350

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