Jacksonland: A Great American Land Grab (47 page)

Thornton, Russell, “Cherokee Population Losses during the Trail of Tears: A New Perspective and a New Estimate,”
Ethnohistory,
vol. 31, no. 4, Autumn 1984, pp. 289–300.

Unser, Daniel H., “American Indians on the Cotton Frontier: Changing Economic Relations with Citizens and Slaves in the Mississippi Territory,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 72, no. 2, September 1985, pp. 297–317.

Valliere, Kenneth L., “Benjamin Currey, Tennessean Among the Cherokees: A Study of the Removal Policy of Andrew Jackson, Part 2,”
Tennessee Historical Quarterly,
vol. 41, no. 3, Fall 1982, pp. 239–56.

White, Flint H. “A Memorial of Rev. Samuel Austin Worcester,”
Congregational Quarterly,
July 1861.

Williams, H. David, “Gambling Away the Inheritance: The Cherokee Nation and Georgia’s Gold and Land Lotteries of 1832–33,”
Georgia Historical Quarterly,
vol. 73, no. 3, Fall 1989.

Worthen, Bill, “Quatie Ross Gravestone Given to Museum: Evidence Clarifies Her Tragic Story,”
Newsletter of the Mount Holly Cemetery Association,
Little Rock, Fall 2003.

Yarbrough, Fay, “Legislating Women’s Sexuality: Cherokee Marriage Laws in the Nineteenth Century,”
Journal of Social History,
vol. 38, no. 2, Winter 2004, pp. 385–406.

Young, Mary E., “Indian Removal and Land Allotment: The Civilized Tribes and Jacksonian Justice,”
American Historical Review,
vol. 64, no. 1, October 1958, pp. 31–45.

Indian Treaties

The principal authority consulted for treaty texts is:

Kappler, Charles J., ed.,
Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties.
Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904. 7 vols. Vol. 2,
Treaties, 1778–1883.
Oklahoma State University Digital Library. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/index.htm.

The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable.

Adair, James, 60–61

Adams, John, 117, 144, 250

Adams, John Quincy, 117–19, 144–45, 147, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 183, 185, 259

Cherokees and, 118–19, 158–59

Jackson and, 184

Lafayette and, 144–45, 159

Treaty of Indian Springs and, 165–66

African Americans, 88, 142, 268

Brown v. Board of Education and, 259

Dred Scott decision and, 341

Freedom’s Journal and, 174

slavery and, see slaves, slavery

Age of Jackson, The (Schlesinger), 350

Alabama, 9, 15, 82, 83, 90, 91, 93, 96–98, 100, 101, 116, 121, 127, 140, 150, 161, 166, 187–88, 206–8, 211, 216, 233, 236, 270, 300, 305, 316, 326–27, 337

Alamo, 307

alcohol, 31, 305

Indians and, 31–32

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 194, 198, 242, 243, 261

American colonies, migration to, 54, 68

American Colonization Society, 141, 142, 175

American Revolution, 27, 161, 178, 250

Cherokee and, 25

Lafayette in, 134, 135, 145

Anderson, Robert, 270, 317, 344

Andover, 223

Anthony, Susan B., 218

Appalachians, 59, 61, 69, 80, 88, 231

Appomattox, 48

Argus of Western America, 140, 141

Arkansas, 213, 274, 313

Arkansas National Guard, 259

Atkinson farm, 109–10, 111–12

Atwater, Caleb, 185

Augusta, 271

Austill, Margaret Eades, 33–35

Baldwin, Henry, 167, 184

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 231, 265

Bank of the United States, 266–67, 280, 282

Battle of New Orleans, 50, 77–78, 86

Battle of San Jacinto, 307

Battle of the Thames, 34, 203

Bear’s Paw, 174

Beecher, Catharine, 7, 217–26

education of, 221–22

Evarts and, 217, 218, 219

nervous collapse of, 222

physical appearance of, 219

schools of, 222–23, 224, 225, 231

slavery as viewed by, 224–25

Beecher, Lyman, 185, 217, 221, 222, 231

Benton, Thomas Hart, 225

in gunfight with Jackson, 14, 36, 225, 279

Berrien, John Macpherson, 245, 292

Biddle, Nicholas, 280

Big Spring, 96

Big Warrior, 32, 49–50

Black Belt, 341

Black Hawk, 269–70, 317

Blair, Francis P., 174, 331

Bloody Fellow, 55

Blount, William, 73, 82, 231

Blythe’s Ferry, 334, 335

Boudinot, Elias, 7, 175–80, 187, 212, 213, 275–76, 277, 295, 296, 297, 299

Cherokee Phoenix, 171–73, 174–76, 177, 179–80, 187, 190, 194, 211, 212, 215, 226, 245, 256, 275

Boudinot’s resignation from, 212, 275, 276

printing press for, 174, 180, 194, 245, 261, 291–92, 293

Worcester and, 243, 244

murder of, 343

name change of, 177–78

Worcester and, 243

Boudinot, Harriett, 177, 178–79, 296

Brainerd, 198

Brands, H. W., 350

Britain, British, 147, 197

Capitol burned by, 86, 133

Cherokees and, 54, 60, 61, 62–63

Brown v. Board of Education, 259

Buchanan, James, 150–51

Bureau of Indian Affairs, 157

Burr, Aaron, 73

Butler, Elizur, 251–52, 258, 259, 260, 272, 327–28

Caesar, Julius, 152

Cahaba, 138

Calhoun, John C., 119, 160, 232

Call, Richard K., 16, 17, 37

Calvinism, 222

Canada, 63, 235

Cannon, B. B., 313–14

Carney’s Bluff, 35, 36

Cass, Lewis, 7, 203–4, 231, 260, 305

Cass Lake, 204

Castle Garden, 137

Catlin, George, 309, 321

Chambers, Edward O., 140

Charleston, 60, 61, 159–60, 198

Charleston Mercury, 176

Chattanooga, 8

Cherokee Light Horse, 109, 111, 112–13, 212–13

Cherokee Nation, Cherokees, 4, 7, 8, 9, 22, 29, 59–67, 81, 84, 107, 166, 171, 272–77, 343–44

Adair’s observations on, 60–61

Adams and, 118–19, 158–59

in American War of Independence, 25

assimilation of, 9, 25

Bird Clan of, 54

British and, 54, 60, 61, 62–63

census of, 315–16

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and, 247–49

Christianity and, 64–65, 126–27

citizenship for, 236, 344

civilization and, 118–19, 120–21

in Civil War, 343

clothing of, 9, 25, 61–62

constitution of, 6, 187

constitutional convention of, 121, 124–28

corn planting of, 319–20

Creeks and, 60

crime and punishment among, 62

deadline for removal of, 309–10, 312, 315, 316, 319

democratic system and, 172

detention camps for, 325–26, 327–28

Eastern Band of, 345–46

emigration of (Trail of Tears), 312–36, 342–43, 346, 350

European contacts with, 60, 61–62

Evarts and, 194, 197, 198–200

French and, 62–63

government of, 62, 121, 123, 208, 245

Great Smoky Mountains and, 59–60

Green Corn Festival of, 54, 59

in Indian Territory, 343

McDonald and, 54–55

migration story of, 59

missionaries and, 64, 125, 126–27, 179, 242, 261

names among, 24

National Academy of, 172

National Committee of, 124, 175

National Council of, 123, 124, 175

National Party (Ross Party) in, 277

passive resistance to oppression by, 192, 194

political parties in, 277

reservation for, 345

Ridge in, 26

Ross as leader of, 1, 4, 6, 9–10, 57–58, 122, 124, 172

Ross criticized in, 273, 276, 278

Ross on boundary of, 53, 108

Ross’s annual message to legislators in, 209

support for Ross among, 249, 273, 276

Supreme Court and, 247–49, 251–54, 255–60

tattoos of, 61

as territorial or state government, 236

Timberlake’s observations on, 61–63, 65

towns of, 62

Treaty Party in, 277, 295, 296, 297, 343

U.S. agents and, 6, 190–91

U.S. treaties with, 6, 25–26, 47–48

Van Buren and, 309–10

Washington delegations of, 87–88, 117, 118, 158, 190, 256, 278–80, 295–96

white ancestry in, 179

women in, 9, 25, 61, 65–67

Wool and, 300–305, 316

Worcester v. Georgia and, 251–54

Cherokee Nation, land of, 6, 57, 83, 180, 207, 213, 217, 232–33

Beecher’s women’s campaign in support of, 218–21, 223–26

Cherokees’ efforts to evict white families from, 212–15

Cherokees’ natural right to, 199

efforts to push white settlers off of, 108–13

$5 million price for, 291, 296, 298–99

in Georgia, 114–19, 120, 187, 190, 191, 195, 199–200, 208–9, 210–11, 219, 229–30, 235–37, 273, 282, 291–99

in Georgia, lottery for, 252, 256, 273, 291, 326

Jackson and, 47–48, 80, 86, 88–91, 93–94, 108–11, 127, 187, 216, 235–36, 272–73, 294–95

in North Carolina, 128–30

in South Carolina, 160–61

Treaty of New Echota and, 296–99, 300–305, 321

U.S. government annuities and, 6, 245–46

Cherokee Phoenix, 171–73, 174–76, 177, 179–80, 187, 190, 194, 211, 212, 215, 226, 245, 256, 275

Boudinot’s resignation from, 212, 275, 276

printing press for, 174, 180, 194, 245, 261, 291–92, 293

Worcester and, 243, 244

Cherokee Regiment, 5, 24–28, 87, 124

Creeks and, 41, 42, 44–46, 48

establishment of, 26

at Horseshoe Bend, 42–50, 67, 87, 123, 279

Ridge in, 26–27, 44, 123

Ross in, 5, 16, 22–25, 27, 41, 44, 45, 46, 50, 279

Cherokees, The (Woodward), 351

Chester, Elisha, 260–61

Chester, Mrs. Thomas, 221

Chicago, 5, 265

Chickamauga, 23, 53

Chickasaws, 8, 9, 84, 272

Jackson’s land bribe and, 101, 104, 183–84

land of, 80, 83, 85, 100–101, 104, 232–33

China, 137, 194

Choctaws, 9, 232–33

alcohol and, 31

in Battle of New Orleans, 77, 78

Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek and, 272

Chota, 66

Christianity, 64–65, 126–27

Calvinism, 222

Jackson and, 185, 217

Sunday mail service and, 185, 217

Christian Watchman, 223–24

Chuwoyee, 214–15

Cicero, 152

Civil War, 5–6, 53, 165, 261, 317, 341

Cherokees in, 343

Lee in, 38, 48–49

Clark, Thomas N., 335–36

Clay, Henry, 7, 135–36, 141, 144, 145, 150–52, 173, 174, 183, 231, 238, 239, 257, 261, 265, 277, 299, 307

American System of, 147, 151, 186

Bank of the United States and, 266–67, 280

Indians as viewed by, 136, 159, 199, 204–5

Jackson and, 7, 135–36, 146–49, 151–52, 155–56, 205, 266

Lafayette and, 135, 139–40

Lumpkin and, 238–39

physical appearance of, 146–47

political career of, 147

slaves of, 141–42

upbringing of, 147

Cocke, John, 128–29

Coffee, John, 96–98, 99–100, 125, 184, 272, 313

Jackson and, 13, 17, 20–21, 22, 78–79, 84–85, 90, 93, 95–98, 100, 101, 110, 153, 182–83, 216, 258

Coldwater, 81, 99

Coldwater Creek, 84–85, 98

Coles, Edward, 141

Colonization Society of Kentucky, 238

Constitution, U.S., 70, 121, 125, 147, 244, 247, 250, 254

electoral votes and, 149, 154

and Jackson’s invasion of Florida, 102, 148

preamble of, 125–26

Cooper, James Fenimore, 139

Cooper, Samuel, 319

Coosa River, 22, 24, 27, 211, 270

cotton, 30, 94–95, 96, 141

Crawford, William H., 88–89, 145–46, 150

Creek Nation, 8, 9, 22, 27, 32, 38–50, 81, 139, 162–63, 164, 165, 272, 283, 300

alcohol and, 31–32

Cherokee Regiment and, 41, 42, 44–46, 48

Cherokees and, 60

conference of, 234

in Horseshoe Bend battle, 42–50, 116

Jackson’s campaign against, 14–15, 18, 20, 27–28, 35–37, 38, 39, 41, 42–45, 47–50, 285

Lafayette and, 162–63, 166

mail service and, 233, 234

Red Stick rebels in, 14–15, 34, 35, 38–50, 102, 285

Ridge and, 124

Seminoles and, 284

Treaty of Fort Jackson and, 50, 80, 84

in War of 1812, 14–15

white culture and, 32–33

Creek Nation, land of, 83, 158, 163, 232–33, 234

in Alabama, 187–88

Jackson and, 49–50, 80, 84–85, 116

Treaty of Indian Springs and, 164–66

Crockett, Davy, 7, 16, 17, 39–41, 237–38, 240, 307

Cumberland River, 30, 81

Currey, Benjamin F., 293, 294–95, 299

Cypress Land Company, 100, 104

Dade, Francis, 286

Dahlonega, 210

Davis, Jefferson, 5, 231, 232, 270

Declaration of Independence, 69, 199

Deep South, 9, 159, 175, 337

Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 268

Democratic Party, 6, 265, 267, 277, 341–42

Democratic-Republican Party, 143–44, 173, 184

de Soto, Hernando, 60, 210

Detroit, 34, 203

Division and Reunion (Wilson), 349

Donelson, Andrew Jackson, 183

Donelson, Emily, 183

Donelson, John, 71, 81, 98, 103

Donelson, William, 99

Donelson family, 80–81, 82

Doublehead, 83, 91, 123, 127, 343

Douglas, Stephen A., 5, 265

Dred Scott decision, 341

Dwight, Timothy, 197

Eaton, John, 18–19, 191, 206, 215

Ehle, John, 351

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 259

Emancipation Proclamation, 341, 342

Erie Canal, 138, 231

Esther, Queen, 220, 224

Evans Spring, 99

Evarts, Jeremiah, 193–200, 204, 217, 221, 248, 261

Beecher and, 217, 218, 219

Cherokees and, 194, 197, 198–200

Ross and, 194, 195, 198–99

slavery and, 198, 199

“William Penn” essays of, 193–94, 195–96, 199, 200, 217, 223

Worcester and, 242

Everett, Edward, 237, 266

Fallen, William, 174

Farmington, 223

Faubus, Orval, 259

Federalists, 143

Federal Reserve, 266

financial panic of 1837, 308, 320

First Jackson Bank, 338

Five Civilized Tribes, 9

Florence, 100, 103, 104, 110, 125, 137, 141

Florida, 9, 34, 43, 49, 50, 55, 108, 120, 121, 316

Jackson’s invasion of, 101–3, 147–49, 152, 283

Seminoles in, 9, 232–33, 272, 284–85, 300

Creeks and, 284

Jackson and, 102

Ross and, 286–87, 310–11

Second Seminole War, 286–87, 308–9, 310, 316, 342

slaves and, 285

Foreign Mission School, 178, 179

Forks of Cypress, 100

Forrest, Edwin, 232

Forsyth, John, 166

Fort Dearborn, 5

Fort Jackson, 48

Treaty of, 50, 80, 84

Fort King, 283, 285

Fort Loudon, 61

Fort Massac, 4

Fort McHenry, 270

Fort Mims, 38–39, 43, 44

Fort Mitchell, 215

Fort Monroe, 270

Fort Moultrie, 159, 309

Fort Payne, 334–35

Fort Strother, 13, 14–15, 21, 22, 23, 27, 41, 42

Fort Sumter, 159, 317

Franklin, Benjamin, 141

Franklin House (Gadsby’s hotel), 145, 146, 152–53, 156, 157, 182, 183, 192

Freedom’s Journal, 174

Frelinghuysen, Theodore, 237, 244–45, 260, 266

French, 197

Cherokees and, 62–63

French Revolution, 144

Fulbright scholarships, 178

Fulton, Robert, 30

Gadsby, John, 182

hotel of (Franklin House), 145, 146, 152–53, 156, 157, 183, 184, 192

Gadsden, James, 205, 284, 341

Gaines, Edmund P., 166

Garrison, William Lloyd, 226

Genius of Universal Emancipation, 226

Georgia, 107, 139, 161, 162, 163, 164, 180, 185, 197, 206, 207–8, 234