Jacksonland: A Great American Land Grab (48 page)

Cherokee land in, 114–19, 120, 187, 190, 191, 195, 199–200, 208–9, 210–11, 219, 229–30, 235–37, 273, 282, 291–99

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 247–49

gold in, 210–11

growth of, 270–71

history of, 114–15

lottery for Cherokee land in, 252, 256, 273, 291, 326

Treaty of Indian Springs and, 164–66

Treaty of New Echota and, 296–99, 300–305, 321

Worcester’s arrest in, 243–44

Yazoo fraud and, 116, 118

Georgia Guard, 243–44, 255–56, 276, 291–92, 293, 295

Gilmer, George, 243–44, 248, 251

gold, 210–11, 216, 256

Great Smoky Mountains, 59–60

Greco-Roman tradition, 151–52

Grimké, Angelina, 224–25

Guess, George (Sequoyah), 24, 90, 171, 274

Habersham County, 210

Haley, Alex, 100

Hamilton, Alexander, 73

Harrison, William Henry, 32, 34, 231

Hartford, 220–21, 223

Hartford Female Seminary, 222

Harvard, 137, 172

Head of Coosa, 211, 291

Henry, Patrick, 246, 247

Hickory Hill, 100

Hicks, Brian, 351

Hicks, Charles, 65, 124

Hicks, Elijah, 255

Hillabee, 41

Horace, 152

Horseshoe Bend (Tohopeka), 28

battle of, 42–50, 67, 70, 73, 77, 78, 80, 87, 88, 116, 123, 148, 150, 157, 163, 239, 279, 284, 304, 307, 337

House of Representatives, 133–35, 139, 146, 151

Clay in, 147–48, 150, 152

Indian Removal Bill and, 229–30

Jackson’s Florida campaign and, 147–49

Houston, Sam, 16, 44, 150, 307

Huntsville, 96–97, 98

Hutchings, Andrew Jackson, 99

Hutchings, Major, 94

Illinois, 139, 141

Indiana, 138

Indiana Territory, 32

Indian Intercourse Acts, 25

Indian lands, 232–33

Cherokee, 6, 57, 83, 180, 207, 213, 217, 232–33

Beecher’s women’s campaign in support of, 218–21, 223–26

Cherokees’ efforts to evict white families from, 212–15

Cherokees’ natural right to, 199

efforts to push white settlers off of, 108–13

$5 million price for, 291, 296, 298–99

in Georgia, 114–19, 120, 187, 190, 191, 195, 199–200, 208–9, 210–11, 219, 229–30, 235–37, 273, 282, 291–99

in Georgia, lottery for, 252, 256, 273, 291, 326

Jackson and, 47–48, 80, 86, 88–91, 93–94, 108–11, 127, 187, 216, 235–36, 272–73, 294–95

in North Carolina, 128–30

in South Carolina, 160–61

Treaty of New Echota and, 296–99, 300–305, 321

U.S. government annuities and, 6, 245–46

Chickasaw, 80, 83, 85, 100–101, 104

Creek, 83, 158, 163, 232–33, 234

in Alabama, 187–88

Jackson and, 49–50, 80, 84–85, 116

Treaty of Indian Springs and, 164–66

growth in white settlement of, 231, 270

Jackson and, 73–74, 78–80, 83–85, 86, 88–91, 92–101, 102–4, 140–41

map of, vs. white man’s map, 8, 29, 63–64, 108, 114, 187, 206, 235, 236, 254

poor people occupying, 112

traded for American goods, 83

violence over, 211–15

white settlers’ preservation of names of, 138–39

Indian Queen, 278, 279, 280

Indian removal, 6, 185, 186–87, 195, 225–26, 276

African removal and, 226

alternatives to, 235–36

arguments over, 203–5

Beecher’s campaign against, 218–21, 223–26

of Cherokee (Trail of Tears), 312–36, 342–43, 346, 350

Indian Removal Act, 229–30, 234–35, 237–41, 244, 245, 260, 283

interpretations of, 349–50

Jackson’s policy of, 6, 186–87, 205–9, 244, 265–66, 279, 306, 308

opposition to, 238–39

sectional politics and, 260

Tocqueville on, 269

Indians:

alcohol and, 31–32

Bureau of Indian Affairs and, 157

civilization program for, 64–65, 121

Clay’s view of, 136, 159, 199, 204–5

Jackson’s view of, 47–48, 136, 205

Jefferson and, 64, 83, 236

marriage between whites and, 179

oral history among, 171–72

Tocqueville on U.S. policies toward, 269

total size of nations of, 63

Washington and, 25–26, 63–64, 219–20

whites’ identification with, 232

white society deleterious to, 32

whites’ use of native names, 138–39

Indian Territory, 343

industry, 30

Iraq, 197, 286, 294

Jackson, Andrew, 1, 4–5, 7, 8–9, 29, 57, 58, 68–74, 161, 166, 214, 231, 277, 206–8, 346

Adams and, 184

alcohol and, 31

arms depots recommended by, 92–93

Bank of the United States and, 266–67, 280, 282

banks and, 266–67, 280, 282, 308

Big Spring plantation of, 99

Black Hawk and, 270

Blount and, 73, 82

Burr and, 73

Cherokee government and, 208

Cherokee land and, 47–48, 80, 86, 88–91, 93–94, 108–11, 127, 187, 216, 235–37, 272–73, 294–95

Cherokee treaties with, 47–48

Chickasaw land bribe of, 101, 104, 183–84

childhood and teenage years of, 69–70

Clay and, 7, 135–36, 146–49, 151–52, 155–56, 205, 266

Coffee and, 13, 17, 20–21, 22, 78–79, 84–85, 90, 93, 95–98, 100, 101, 110, 153, 182–83, 216, 258

Congress attended by, 138

Creek campaign of, 14–15, 18, 20, 27–28, 35–37, 38, 39, 41, 42–45, 47–50, 285

Creek lands and, 49–50, 80, 84–85, 116

death of, 341

Deep South created by, 9

divide in forces of, 50

duels of, 14, 31, 58, 70–72, 279

elected president, 6, 180, 184–85, 191

emotionality of, 71

farewell message of, 306, 308

Florida conquered by, 101–3, 147–49, 152, 283

Georgia and, 116

in gunfight with Benton, 14, 36, 225, 279

Hermitage home of, 30, 36, 71, 73, 79–80, 95, 99, 167, 182, 183, 279, 307, 313, 350

highway bill and, 239, 240

inaugural address of, 186

inauguration of, 181–82, 190, 194–95

Indian orphan adopted by, 41, 99

Indian Removal Act and, 229–30, 234–35, 237–41

Indian removal policy of, 6, 186–87, 205–9, 244, 265–66, 279, 306, 308

Indians as viewed by, 47–48, 136, 205

Lafayette and, 145, 167, 182

land dealings of, 73–74, 78–80, 83–85, 86, 88–91, 92–101, 102–4, 140–41

McLean and, 256

Muscle Shoals and, 80–81

newspapers and, 173–74, 193–94

nickname of, 36

opponents of, 238–39, 244

parents of, 68, 69

physical appearance of, 14

positions in administration of, 185

in presidential campaign of 1824, 101, 135–36, 144, 146, 150, 153–56, 167

in presidential campaign of 1828, 19, 104, 180, 183–84, 191

Rachel’s death and, 182, 185

railroads and, 231

Ridge and, 157–58

rise to prominence, 6

Ross and, 4–5, 6, 7, 24, 85, 88, 90, 278–82, 284, 299, 330–33

and Ross’s efforts to push white settlers off Cherokee lands, 108

Ross’s letters to, 45, 107–8, 112–13, 190–91, 280–81

Scots-Irish background of, 68–69

second term of, 265, 306

slaves and, 70, 71, 72, 99, 140, 183

Spain and, 55

store operated by, 30, 71

Sunday mail service and, 185, 217

Supreme Court and, 257–58, 259–60

Texas and, 306–7

Thompson and, 283–84

train tour of, 265

and Treaty of Fort Jackson, 50, 80, 84

Troup and, 161

wealth of, 92, 95

Wood and, 13–14, 15, 17–21, 22, 36, 183, 282

Wool and, 300–301

Worcester and, 243–44

Jackson, Andrew, in War of 1812, 4–5, 6, 16–17, 32, 74

army raised by, 16–17, 35

Battle of New Orleans, 77–78, 86

Cherokee Regiment of, 5, 24–28, 87, 124

Creeks and, 41, 42, 44–46, 48

establishment of, 26

at Horseshoe Bend, 42–50, 67, 87, 123, 279

Ridge in, 26–27, 44, 123

Ross in, 5, 16, 22–25, 27, 41, 44, 45, 46, 50, 279

Creek campaign, 14–15, 18, 20, 27–28, 35–37, 38, 39, 41, 42–45, 47–50, 285

and feeding of troops, 27

Horseshoe Bend battle, 42–50, 67, 70, 73, 77, 78, 80, 87, 116, 123, 148, 150, 157, 163, 239, 279, 284, 304, 307

Jackson, Andrew, Jr., 41, 72, 99, 279

Jackson, James (Andrew’s friend), 79, 95, 98, 100, 101, 184, 313, 339

Jackson, James (Andrew’s son), 331

Jackson, Rachel (Andrew’s wife), 13, 36, 37, 41, 45, 67, 71, 72, 80–81, 82, 90, 95, 99, 138, 145, 150, 152, 153

death of, 182, 185

first husband and remarriage to Andrew, 72, 184

Jackson, Robert (Andrew’s brother), 69–70

Jacksonville, 283

Jefferson, Thomas, 31, 116, 143, 199

Indians and, 64, 83, 236

Jesup, Thomas, 309, 311

Jim Crow, 270

Jones, Evan, 325

Judiciary Act, 257

Junaluska, 346, 348

Kalsatee, 2, 4

Kendall, Amos, 174

Kentucky, 101, 127, 140, 151, 174, 236, 239

Kentucky Reporter, 183–84

Ladies’ Circular, 220–21, 223–24, 225

Lafayette, Marquis de, 134–40, 141, 143, 144–45, 156, 157, 159–67, 233, 267

Adams and, 144–45, 159

in American Revolution, 134, 135, 145

Clay and, 135, 139–40

Creeks and, 162–63, 166

Jackson and, 145, 167, 182

Laffite, Jean, 77

Lamochattee (William Weatherford), 38–39, 48–49

Last of the Mohicans, The (Cooper), 139

Lauderdale County, 140

Lavender, George, 247–48

Lee, Robert E., 38, 48–49, 138, 231–32

Levasseur, Auguste, 143, 156, 159, 163

Liberator, 226

Lide, J. W., 327

Lincoln, Abraham, 5, 138, 231, 237, 265, 269–70, 342, 343

Emancipation Proclamation of, 341, 342

voting rights and, 218

Lincoln, Thomas, 138, 231

Little Rock Central High School, 259

Livingston, Edward, 182

Lookout Mountain, 53

Louisiana, 150

Louisiana Purchase, 29

Lowrey, George, 87, 118, 249, 304

Lumpkin, Wilson, 225, 232, 234, 237, 238–39, 260

Clay and, 238–39

speech on Indian removal, 229–30, 238, 239

Macon, 162

Madison, James, 5, 86, 87

Jackson’s land dealings and, 88–89, 92–93

mail service:

Creeks and, 233, 234

Sunday, 185, 217

maps, white man’s vs. Indian, 8, 29, 63–64, 108, 114, 187, 206, 235, 236, 254

Marbury v. Madison, 250

Marshall, John, 7, 200, 245, 255–57, 305, 341

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and, 247–49

Marbury v. Madison and, 250

portraits of, 250

Ross and, 251

Wirt and, 250–51

Worcester v. Georgia and, 251–54

Maysville Road Bill, 239, 240

McDonald, John, 54–55, 198

McIntosh, Chilly, 165

McIntosh, William, 163, 164–65

McKenney, Thomas, 122, 157, 158, 204, 205

McLean, John, 256–57, 274

Meacham, Jon, 350

Meigs, Return J., 22–23, 26, 151, 152

Melton, John, 81, 94

Melton’s Bluff, 81, 94, 95, 96, 274

Melville, Herman, 350

Memphis, 73

Menawa, 45

Metamora, 232, 271

Mexico, 284, 310

Micanopy, 311

Milledgeville, 162, 165, 247, 255, 260

Minnesota, 204

Mississippi, 9, 15, 29, 93, 116, 139, 150, 204, 236, 270

Mississippi River, 55, 73, 82

Mississippi Territory, 15, 24, 33, 34, 36, 38

Mississippi Valley, 166

New Madrid earthquake in, 34

Missouri, 136, 331

Missouri Compromise, 261

Mobile, 166

Mobile Bay, 22

Mobile Register, 233

Monroe, Elizabeth, 145

Monroe, James, 65, 95, 135, 143

Georgia and, 117–18

and Jackson’s invasion of Florida, 102

Ross and, 111, 128

Morgan, Gideon, 24

Morse, Samuel F. B., 134, 139

Muscle Shoals, 2, 8, 80–84, 90–91, 92–94, 96, 98–100, 141, 231, 312–13, 339

Muscle Shoals Company, 82

Nashville, 71, 81, 82, 96, 167

Natchez Trace, 82

National Archives, 225

National Intelligencer, 48, 87, 149, 173, 321

Evarts’ essays in, 193–94, 195–96, 199, 200

Native Americans, see Indians

Neugin, Rebecca, 323

New Echota, 124–25, 127, 128, 130, 171, 172, 175, 176, 194, 211–12, 236, 242–43, 250, 256, 291–92, 296, 300–305, 323, 324, 340

Treaty of, 296–99, 300–305, 321

New Jersey, 139

New Madrid earthquake, 34

New Orleans, 29, 30, 35, 55, 63, 82, 166

Battle of, 50, 77–78, 86

New Salem, 265

newspapers, 173–74

Cherokee Phoenix, 171–73, 174–76, 177, 179–80, 187, 190, 194, 211, 212, 215, 226, 245, 256, 275

Boudinot’s resignation from, 212, 275, 276

printing press for, 174, 180, 194, 245, 261, 291–92, 293

Worcester and, 243, 244

Christian Watchman, 223–24

Freedom’s Journal, 174

Jackson and, 173–74, 193–94

National Intelligencer, 48, 87, 149, 173, 321

Evarts’ essays in, 193–94, 195–96, 199, 200

United States Telegraph, 176, 193

New York, 136–37

financial panic in, 308, 320

Tammany Hall in, 139

Niles’ Weekly Register, 239–40

North American Review, 204

North Carolina, 128–30, 305

Obama, Barack, 350

Ohio River, 4, 82

Old Tassel, 122

original sin, 222

Osceola, 285, 286, 287, 308–9, 321

death of, 309

Overton, John, 153, 187

Owle, Freeman, 347–48

Panoplist, 197

Pathkiller, 24, 124

Payne, John Howard, 292–93, 320–21

Payne’s Landing, 284

Penn, William, 194

Pennsylvania, 30, 139

Pensacola, 102, 103

People’s History of the United States, A (Zinn), 350

Peters, Sheree, 346

Philadelphia, 137, 144, 162, 211

Pittsburgh, 167

Poinsett, Joel R., 310, 322, 326, 329