Liars and Outliers (45 page)

actual voters
Aaron Edlin, Andrew Gelman, and Noah Kaplan (2007), “Voting as a Rational Choice: Why and How People Vote to Improve the Well-Being of Others,”
Rationality and Society
, 19:293–314.

modified our brains
Patricia S. Churchland (2011),
Braintrust: What Neuroscience Tells Us About Morality,
Princeton University Press.

the murder rate
Criminal Justice Information Services Division (2010), “Crime in the United States by Volume and Rate per 100,000 Inhabitants, 1990–2009,” U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation.

Elsewhere in the
United Nations Office on Drugs & Crime (2008), “The Tenth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2005–2006).”

Golden Rule
Jeffrey Wattles (1996),
The Golden Rule,
Oxford University Press.

associated with religion
Azim F. Shariff and Ara Norenzayan, “God is Watching You: Priming God Concepts Increases Prosocial Behavior in an Anonymous Economic Game,”
Psychological Science,
18:803–9.

Ten Commandments
Nina Mazar and Dan Ariely (2006), “Dishonesty in Everyday Life and Its Policy Implications,”
Journal of Public Policy & Marketing,
25:117–26.

harsh, punitive, vengeful
Azim F. Shariff and Ara Norenzayan (2011), “Mean Gods Make Good People: Different Views of God Predict Cheating Behavior,”
International Journal for the Psychology of Religion,
21:85–96.

pretty much useless
Bernard Gert (1989), “Morality Versus Slogans,” in Daryl Close and Nicholas Meier, eds. (1995),
Morality in Criminal Justice,
Wadsworth, 51–60.

kill animals
Jeff McMahan (2002),
The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life
, Oxford University Press.

This is the stuff
Alasdair MacIntyre (1981),
After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theology,
University of Notre Dame Press.

moral instinct
Stephen Pinker (13 Jan 2008), “The Moral Instinct,”
New York Times Magazine.

Others relevant
Donald E. Brown (1991),
Human Universals
, Temple University Press.

specific brain functions
Marc D. Hauser (2006),
Moral Minds: How Nature Designed our Universal Sense of Right and Wrong,
Ecco. John Mikhail (2007), “Universal Moral Grammar: Trends, Evidence, and the Future,”
TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences
, 11:143–52.

five fundamental systems
Jonathan Haidt and Craig Joseph (2004), “Intuitive Ethics: How Innately Prepared Intuitions Generate Culturally Variable Virtues,”
Daedalus,
55–66. Jonathan Haidt and Jesse Graham (2009), “Planet of the Durkheimians, Where Community, Authority, and Sacredness Are Foundations of Morality,” in John T. Jost, Aaron C. Kay, and Hulda Thorisdottir, eds.,
Social and Psychological Bases of Ideology and System Justification,
Oxford University Press.

strong tendency
David Berreby (2005),
Us and Them: Understanding Your Tribal Mind,
Little, Brown and Co.

defer to authority
Stanley Milgram (1963). “Behavioral Study of Obedience,”
Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology
, 67:371–8. Neil Lutsky (1995), “When Is ‘Obedience’ Obedience? Conceptual and Historical Commentary,”
Journal of Social Issues,
51: 55–65. Thomas Blass (1999), “The Milgram Paradigm After 35 Years: Some Things We Now Know About Obedience to Authority,”
Journal of Applied Social Psychology
, 29:955–78.

purity and sanctity
Mary Douglas (1978),
Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo
, Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Spontaneous cooperation
Rebecca Solnit (2009),
A Paradise Built in Hell: The Extraordinary Communities that Arise in Disaster
, Viking Adult.

increase in solidarity
Randall Collins (2004), “Rituals of Solidarity and Security in the Wake of Terrorist Attack,”
Sociological Theory,
22:58–87.

increase in prosocial
Kathryn S. Steinberg and Patrick M. Rooney (2005), “America Gives: A Survey of Americans' Generosity After September 11,” Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University.

Crime in New York
Jason Bram (2003), “New York City's Economy Before and After September 11,”
Federal Reserve Bank of New York Second District Highlights, Current Issues in Economics & Finance
, 9:1–6.

in-group/out-group
Colin Holbrook, Paolo Sousa, and Jennifer Hahn-Holbrook (2011), “Unconscious Vigilance: Worldview Defense Without Adaptations for Terror, Coalition, or Uncertainty Management,”
Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,
101:451–66

increase in hate crimes
Tanya Schevitz (26 Nov 2002), “FBI Sees Leap in Anti-Muslim Hate Crimes, 9/11 Attacks Blamed for Bias—Blacks Still Most Frequent Victims,”
San Francisco Chronicle
.

Kin aversion
Mark Erickson (1989), “Incest Avoidance and Familial Bonding,”
Journal of Anthropological Research,
45:267–91. Debra Lieberman, John Tooby, and Leda Cosmides (2003), “Does Morality Have a Biological Basis? An Empirical Test of the Factors Governing Moral Sentiments Relating to Incest,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,
270:819–26. John M. Ingham and David H. Spain (2005), “Sensual Attachment and Incest Avoidance in Human Evolution and Child Development,”
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute,
11:677–701. Robin Fox (1984),
The Red Lamp of Incest: An Enquiry into the Origin of Mind and Society,
University of Notre Dame Press.

protective impulses
Sarah Hall Sternglanz, James L. Gray, and Melvin Murakami (1977), “Adult Preferences for Infantile Facial Features: An Ethological Approach,”
Animal Behaviour,
25:108–15. Katherine A. Hildebrandt and Hiram E. Fitzgerald (1979), “Facial Feature Determinants of Perceived Infant Attractiveness,”
Infant Behavior & Development,
2:329–39. Morten L. Kringelbach, Annukka Lehtonen, Sarah Squire, Allison G. Harvey, Michelle G. Craske, Ian E. Holliday, Alexander L. Green, Tipu Z. Aziz, Peter C. Hansen, Piers L. Cornelissen, and Alan Stein (2008), “A Specific and Rapid Neural Signature for Parental Instinct,”
PLoS ONE,
3:e1664. Melanie L. Glocker, Daniel D. Langleben, Kosha Ruparel, James W. Loughead, Ruben C. Gur, and Norbert Sachser (2009), “Baby Schema in Infant Faces Induces Cuteness Perception and Motivation for Caretaking in Adults,”
Ethology,
115:257–63.

small animals
Wakako Sanefuji, Hidehiro Ohgami, and Kazuhide Hashiya (2007), “Development of Preference for Baby Faces Across Species in Humans (
Homo sapiens
),”
Journal of Ethology,
25:249–54.

even dolls
Robert A. Hinde and L.A. Barden (1985), “The Evolution of the Teddy Bear,”
Animal Behaviour,
33:1371–3. Paul H. Morris, Vasudevi Reddy, and R.C. Bunting (1995), “The Survival of the Cutest: Who's Responsible for the Evolution of the Teddy Bear?”
Animal Behaviour,
50:1697–700.

notions of fairness
Joseph Henrich, Jean Ensminger, Richard McElreath, Abigail Barr, Clark Barrett, Alexander Bolyanatz, Juan Camilo Cardenas, Michael Gurven, Edwins Gwako, Natalie Henrich, Carolyn Lesorogol, Frank Marlowe, David Tracer, and John Ziker (2010), “Markets, Religion, Community Size, and the Evolution of Fairness and Punishment,”
Science,
327:1480–4.

Don't mess with Texas
Lilli Rockwell (29 Sep 2006), “'Don't Mess With Texas' Named Top Ad,”
Austin American-Statesman.

effective in changing
Robert B. Cialdini (2003), “Crafting Normative Messages to Protect the Environment,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science,
12:105–9.

taking advantage
Jelena Gruji
, Constanza Fosco, Lourdes Araujo, José A. Cuesta, and Angel Sánchez (2010), “Social Experiments in the Mesoscale: Humans Playing a Spatial Prisoner's Dilemma,”
PLoS ONE,
5:11, e13749.

Andrew Colman
Andrew M. Colman (1995),
Game Theory and Its Applications in the Social and Biological Sciences, Second Edition
, Routledge.

how people evaluate
Mark Grenovetter (1978), “Threshold Models of Collective Behavior,”
American Journal of Sociology,
83:1420–43.

more likely to litter
Robert B. Cialdini, Carl A. Kallgren, and Raymond R. Reno (1991), “A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct: A Theoretical Refinement and Reevaluation of the Role of Norms in Human Behavior,”
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,
21:201–34. Susan M. Reiter and William Samuel (1980), “Littering as a Function of Prior Litter and the Presence or Absence of Prohibitive Signs,”
Journal of Applied Social Psychology,
10:45–55. E. Scott Geller, Jill F. Witmer, and Margaret A. Tuso (1977), “Environmental Interventions for Litter Control,”
Journal of Applied Psychology,
62:344–51.

seeing someone
Harold Grasmick, Robert Bursik, and Karyl Kinsey (1991), “Shame and Embarrassment as Deterrents to Noncompliance with the Law: The Case of an Antilittering Campaign,”
Environment & Behavior,
23:233–51. Carl A. Kallgren, Raymond R. Reno, and Robert B. Cialdini (2000), “A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct: When Norms Do and Do Not Affect Behavior,”
Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin,
26:1002–12.

general breakdown
James B. Stewart (2011),
Tangled Webs: How False Statements Are Undermining America: From Martha Stewart to Bernie Madoff
, Penguin Press.

unpunished free rider
Robert O. Kurzban and Daniel Houser (2001), “Individual Differences in Cooperation in a Circular Public Goods Game,”
European Journal of Personality,
15:S37–S52. David P. Myatt and Chris Wallace (2008), “When Does One Bad Apple Spoil the Barrel? An Evolutionary Analysis of Collective Action,”
Review of Economic Studies,
75:499–527.

In Islam
Sahih Muslim, Book 037, Hadith Number 6658.

propaganda campaigns
David Livingstone Smith (2011),
Less than Human: Why We Demean, Enslave, and Exterminate Others
, St. Martin's Press.

failure or absence
Simon Baron-Cohen (2011),
Zero Degrees of Empathy: A New Theory of Human Cruelty
, Penguin/Allen Lane; published in the U.S. as
The Science of Evil: On Empathy and the Origins of Human Cruelty
, Basic Books.

food on the honor
Stephen J. Dubner and Steven D. Levitt (6 Jun 2004), “What the Bagel Man Saw: An Accidental Glimpse at Human Nature,”
New York Times Magazine,
62–5.

follow social norms
Daniel Kahneman and Dale T. Miller (1986), “Norm Theory: Comparing Reality to Its Alternatives,”
Psychological Review,
93:136–53. Cass R. Sunstein (1996), “Social Norms and Social Roles,”
Columbia Law Review,
96:903–68. Helen Bernhard, Ernst Fehr, and Urs Fischbacher (2006), “Group Affiliation and Altruistic Norm Enforcement,”
American Economic Review,
96:217–21.

Emmanuel Levinas
Michael L. Morgan (2011),
The Cambridge Introduction to Emmanuel Levinas,
Cambridge University Press.

people turned in
Akiko Fujita (17 Aug 2011), “Honest Japanese Return $78 Million in Cash Found in Quake Rubble,”
ABC News.

practice of religion
David Kowalewski (1980), “Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences,”
Russian Review,
39:426–41. Sabrina Petra Ramet, ed. (1993),
Religious Policy in the Soviet Union,
Cambridge University Press.

Confidence tricksters
Frank Stajano and Paul Wilson (Mar 2011), “Understanding Scam Victims: Seven Principles for Systems Security,”
Communications of the ACM,
54:70–5.

we have trouble
David McCullough (2003),
Truman,
Simon & Schuster, 510.

Chapter 8

ability to deceive
David Livingstone Smith (2004),
Why We Lie: The Evolutionary Roots of Deception and the Unconscious Mind
, St. Martin's Press.