Liars and Outliers (44 page)

compassion extended
Penny Spikins, Holly Rutherford, and Andy Needham (2010), “From Homininity to Humanity: Compassion from the Earliest Archaic to Modern Humans,”
Time and Mind
, 3:303–25. Priyali Rajagopal and Nicole Votolato Montgomery (2011), “I Imagine, I Experience, I Like: The False Experience Effect,”
The Journal of Consumer Research
, 38:578–94.

invention of agriculture
Robert Boyd and Peter Richerson (2004),
Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution
, University of Chicago Press.

Unrelated elephants
Joshua M. Plotnik, Richard Lair, Wirot Suphachoksahakun, and Frans de Waal (2011), “Elephants Know When They Need a Helping Trunk in a Cooperative Task,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
, published online before print.

ritualized battles
Mark Briffa (2010), “Territoriality and Aggression,”
Nature Education Knowledge,
1:19. Craig Packer and Anne E. Pusey (1985), “Asymmetric Contests in Social Mammals Respect, Manipulation and Age-Specific Aspects,” in Paul J. Greenwood, Paul H. Harvey, and Montgomery Slatkin, eds.,
Evolution: Essays in Honour of John Maynard Smith
, Cambridge University Press, 173–86. Tabitha M. Innocent and Stuart A. West (2006), “Social Evolution: Cooperation by Conflict,”
Current Biology
, 16:365–67. Hanna Kokko, Andrés López-Sepulcre, and Lesley J. Morrell (2006), “From Hawks and Doves to Self-Consistent Games of Territorial Behavior,”
The American Naturalist
, 167:901–12.

Vampire bats
Gerald S. Wilkinson (1984), “Reciprocal Food Sharing in the Vampire Bat,”
Nature
, 308:181–4.

large frontal
lobes Kunwar P. Bhatnagar (2008), “The Brain of the Common Vampire Bat,
Desmodus rotundus murinus
(Wagner, 1840): A Cytoarchitectural Atlas,”
Brazilian Journal of Biology
, 68:583–99.

help each other
Robert L. Trivers (1971), “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism,”
Quarterly Review of Biology
, 46:35–7.

transactional analysis
Eric Berne (1996), “Principles of Transactional Analysis,”
Indian Journal of Psychiatry
, 38:154–9.

potential mate
Amotz Zahavi (1975), “Mate Selection: A Selection for a Handicap,”
Journal of Theoretical Biology
, 53:205–14. Amotz Zahavi (1977), “The Cost of Honesty (Further Remarks on the Handicap Principle),”
Journal of Theoretical Biology
, 67:603–5. Amotz Zahavi (1977), “Reliability in Communication Systems and the Evolution of Altruism,” in Bernard Stonehouse and Christopher M. Perrins, eds.,
Evolutionary Ecology
, Macmillan, 253–9. Rufus A. Johnstone (1995), “Sexual Selection, Honest Advertisement and the Handicap Principle: Reviewing the Evidence,”
Biological Reviews
, 70:1–65. Amotz Zahavi and Avishag Zahavi (1997),
The Handicap Principle: A Missing Piece of Darwin's Puzzle,
Oxford University Press. Amotz Zahavi (2003), “Indirect Selection and Individual Selection in Sociobiology: My Personal Views on Theories of Social Behaviour,”
Animal Behaviour
, 65:859–63.

altruistic acts
Randolph M. Nesse (2007), “Runaway Social Selection for Displays of Partner Value and Altruism,”
Biological Theory
, 2:143–55.

kind people
Charlie L. Hardy and Mark Van Vugt (2006), “Nice Guys Finish First: The Competitive Altruism Hypothesis,”
Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin
, 32:1402–13. Lauri A. Jensen-Campbell, Jennifer M. Knack, and Haylie L. Gomez (2010), “The Psychology of Nice People,”
Social & Personality Psychology Compass
, 4:1042–56. Pat Barclay (2010), “Altruism as a Courtship Display: Some Effects of Third-Party Generosity on Audience Perceptions,”
British Journal of Psychology
, 101:123–35. Timothy A. Judge, Beth A. Livingston, and Charlice Hurst (2011), “Do Nice Guys and Gals Really Finish Last? The Joint Effects of Sex and Agreeableness on Income,”
Journal of Personality & Social Psychology
, in press.

George Price
Oren S. Harman (2010),
The Price of Altruism: George Price and the Search for the Origins of Kindness
, W.W. Norton & Co.

bargaining games
Gary E. Bolton (1998), “Bargaining and Dilemma Games: From Laboratory Data Towards Theoretical Synthesis,”
Experimental Economics
, 1:257–81.

found a coin
Paula F. Levin and Alice M. Isen (1972), “The Effect of Feeling Good on Helping: Cookies and Kindness,”
Journal of Personality & Social Psychology
, 21:384–8.

flying through clouds
Lawrence J. Sanna, Edward C. Chang, Paul M. Miceli, and Kristjen B. Lundberg (2011), “Rising Up to Higher Virtues: Experiencing Elevated Physical Heights Uplifts Prosocial Actions,”
Journal of Experimental & Social Psychology
, 47:472–6.

mirror neurons
Giuseppe di Pellegrino, Luciano Fadiga, Leonardo Fogassi, Vittorio Gallese, and Giacomo Rizzolati (1992), “Understanding Motor Events: A Neurophysiological Study,”
Experimental Brain Research
, 91:176–80. Vittorio Gallese, Luciano Fadiga, Leonardo Fogassi, and Giacomo Rizzolatti (1996), “Action Recognition in the Premotor Cortex,”
Brain
, 119:593–609. Vittorio Gallese and Alvin Goldman (1998), “Mirror Neurons and the Simulation Theory of Mind-Reading,”
Trends in Cognitive Sciences
, 2:493–501.

altruistic innately
Ernst Fehr and Simon Gächter (2002), “Altruistic Punishment in Humans,”
Nature
, 415:137–40. Alan G. Sanfey, James K. Rilling, Jessica A. Aronson, Leigh E Nystrom, and Jonathan D. Cohen (2003), “The Neural Basis of Economic Decision-Making in the Ultimatum Game,”
Science
, 300:1755–8. Tania Singer, Ben Seymour, John P. O'Doherty, Klass E. Stephan, Raymond J. Dolan, and Chris D. Frith (2006), “Empathic Neural Responses Are Modulated by the Perceived Fairness of Others,”
Nature
, 439:466–9. Molly J. Crockett, Luke Clark, Golnaz Trabibnia, Mattthew D. Lieberman, and Trevor W. Robbins (2008), “Serotonin Modulates Behavioral Reactions to Unfairness,”
Science,
320:1739. Molly J. Crockett, Luke Clark, Marc D. Hauser, and Trevor W. Robbins (2010), “Serotonin Selectively Influences Moral Judgment and Behavior Through Effects on Harm Aversion,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
, 107:17433–8.

fairness and justice
Katarina Gospic, Erik Mohlin, Peter Fransso, Predrag Petrovic, Magnus Johannesson, and Martin Ingvar (2011), “Limbic Justice: Amygdala Involvement in Immediate Rejection in the Ultimatum Game,”
PLoS Biology
, 9 (5): e1001054.

and attractive
Tania Singer, Ben Seymour, John P. O'Doherty, Klass E. Stephan, Raymond J. Dolan, and Chris D. Frith (2006), “Empathic Neural Responses Are Modulated by the Perceived Fairness of Others,”
Nature
, 439:466–9.

found that oxytocin
Paul J. Zak, Robert Kurzban, and William T. Matzner (2003), “Oxytocin Is Associated with Interpersonal Trust in Humans,”
PLoS ONE
, 2:11, e1128. Zoe R. Donaldson and Larry J. Young (2008), “Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and the Neurogenetics of Sociality,”
Science
, 322:900–4.

someone's oxytocin
Michael Kosfield, Marcus Heinfichs, Paul J. Zak, Urs Fischbacher, and Ernst Fehr (2003), “Oxytocin Increases Trust in Humans,”
Nature
, 435:673–6.

Adam Smith
Adam Smith (1759), The Theory of Moral Sentiments.

non-kin groups
Martin A. Nowak (2006), “Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation,”
Science
, 314:1560–3. Martin A. Nowak and Roger Highfield (2011),
SuperCooperators: Altruism, Evolution, and Why We Need Each Other to Succeed
, Free Press.

Indirect reciprocity
Martin A. Nowak and Karl Sigmund (1998), “Evolution of Indirect Reciprocity by Image Scoring,”
Nature
, 393:573–7. Martin A. Nowak and Karl Sigmund (1998), “The Dynamics of Indirect Reciprocity,”
Journal of Theoretical Biology
, 194:561–74. Manfred Milinski, Dirk Semmann, Theo C.M. Bakker, and Hans-Jürgen Krambeck (2001), “Cooperation Through Indirect Reciprocity: Image Scoring or Standing Strategy?”
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
, 268:2495–501.

biological models
Herbert Gintis (2003), “The Hitch-Hikers Guide to Altruism: Genes, Culture, and the Internalization of Norms,”
Journal of Theoretical Biology
, 220:407–18.

Patricia Churchland
Patricia S. Churchland (2011),
Braintrust: What Neuroscience Tells Us About Morality
, Princeton University Press, 93.

our murderousness
Samuel Bowles (2006), “Group Competition, Reproductive Leveling, and the Evolution of Human Altruism,”
Science,
314:1569–72. Jung-Kyoo Choi and Samuel Bowles (2007), “The Coevolution of Parochial Altruism and War,”
Science
, 318:636–40.

And these processes
Robert Boyd and Peter J. Richerson (1985),
Culture and the Evolutionary Process
, University of Chicago Press. Robert Bettinger, Peter J. Richerson, and Robert Boyd (1995), “Can Group Functional Behaviors Evolve by Cultural Group Selection?”
Current Anthropology,
36:473–94.

Chapter 4

Robert Sapolsky
Robert Sapolsky (2003), “A Bozo of a Baboon: A Talk with Robert Sapolsky,”
Edge
.

Matt Ridley
Matt Ridley (1993),
The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature
, HarperCollins Publishers, 9–10.

hyperbolic discounting
Richard H. Thaler (1981), “Some Empirical Evidence on Dynamic Inconsistency,”
Economics Letters
, 8:201–7. Shane Frederick, George Loewenstein, and Ted O'Donoghue (2002), “Time Discounting and Time Preference: A Critical Review,”
Journal of Economic Literature
, 40:351–401.

Francis Fukuyama
Francis Fukuyama (1995),
Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity
, Simon & Schuster, 27–8.

James Madison
James Madison (1788),
The Federalist
, 51.

many distinct levels
Richard J. Smith (1996), “Biology and Body Size in Human Evolution: Statistical Inference Misapplied,”
Current Anthropology
, 37:451–81.

begin to fail
Bruce Schneier (Jul 2009), “Security, Group Size, and the Human Brain,”
IEEE Security & Privacy
, 7:88.

Code of Hammurabi
Martha T. Roth (1997),
Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor
, Scholars Press.

Chapter 5

Douglas Hofstadter
Douglas Hofstadter (1985),
Metamagical Themas
, Bantam Dell Publishing Group.

free-rider problem
Robert Albanese and David D. van Fleet (1985), “Rational Behavior in Groups: The Free-Riding Tendency,”
The Academy of Management Review
, 10:244–55.

Whooping cough
Paul Offit (2011),
Deadly Choices: How the Anti-Vaccine Movement Threatens Us All
, Basic Books.

Chapter 6

don't overfish
Boris Worm, Ray Hilborn, Julia K. Baum, Trevor A. Branch, Jeremy S. Collie, Christopher Costello, Michael J. Fogarty, Elizabeth A. Fulton, Jeffrey A. Hutchings, Simon Jennings, Olaf P. Jensen, Heike K. Lotze, Pamela M. Mace, Tim R. McClanahan, Cóilín Minto, Stephen R. Palumbi, Ana M. Parma, Daniel Ricard, Andrew A. Rosenberg, Reg Watson, and Dirk Zeller (2009), “Rebuilding Global Fisheries,”
Science
, 325:578–85. Ed Pilkington (17 May 2010), “Saving Global Fish Stocks Would Cost 20 Million Jobs, Says UN,”
The Guardian
.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1754),
A Discourse on a Subject Proposed by the Academy of Dijon: What Is the Origin of Inequality of Men, and Is it Authorized by Natural Law?

defections happen
Brian Skyrms (2004),
The Stag Hunt and the Evolution of Social Structure
, Cambridge University Press.

Snowdrift Dilemma
Michael Doebeli and Christoph Hauert (2005), “Models of Cooperation Based on the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Snowdrift Game,”
Ecology Letters
, 8:748–66.

social dilemmas
Robyn M. Dawes (1980), “Social Dilemmas,”
Annual Review of Psychology
, 31:169–93. Samuel S. Komorita and Craig D. Parks (1994),
Social Dilemmas
, Westview Press.

much more complicated
Richard H. McAdams (2008),
“Beyond the Prisoners' Dilemma: Coordination, Game Theory and the Law
,” John M. Olin Law and Economics Working Paper No. 437, The Law School, University of Chicago.

need to conform
Solomon Asch (Nov 1955), “Opinions and Social Pressure,”
Scientific American
, 193:31–5.

Chapter 7

not to vote
William Riker and Peter Ordeshook (1968), “A Theory of the Calculus of Voting.”
American Political Science Review,
62:25–42.

people vote
Derek Parfit (1984),
Reasons and Persons,
Oxford University Press.