Life in a Medieval Castle (28 page)

jongleurs,
see
minstrels

jousting, 179, 181–182

judicial combat, 34, 41

jury system, 41, 49, 159

justice, 40–41, 44, 49, 97, 148, 154, 158, 161

justiciar, 43, 190, 230

keep, 10, 12, 28, 29, 41, 60–61, 189, 195, 205, 222, 225, 226, 236, 237, 243, 246, 247

rectangular, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 26, 31, 61, 63, 70, 223, 234–236

round, 25, 28, 37, 236, 238, 239

shell,
see
shell keeps

transitional, 25–26, 235, 236, 237

Kemys, Sir Nicholas, 220

Kenilworth, 24, 199–200, 220–222, 235

Kidwelly, 236

kitchen, 65–66, 70, 96, 101–103, 104, 109, 111–114, 150

knight, 96, 97, 108, 109, 111, 122, 148, 166–185, 218, 220

education of, 174

knight’s fee, 33, 50

Krak des Chevaliers, 247

labor services, 149, 154–155, 162, 207–208, 215

ladies-in-waiting, 106

Lai du Lecheoir,
93–94

Lambert of Ardres, 57–58

Lamentations of Matthew,
91–92

Lammas, 206, 207, 215

La Mota, 243

Lancelot, 87, 173

Langeais, 21, 236

Langland, William, 74, 147

latrine, 2, 65, 71–72, 226

La Roche Guyon, 237

Launceston, 29, 234

laundress, 104, 111

laver, 71

lawyers, 159–160

Lemburn, Roger de, 181

Lent, 213–214

Lewes, Battle of, 38, 44

Leyburn, Roger, 188–189

lighting, 62

Lincoln, 86

Battle of, 175

countess of, 74, 107–108, 116

livestock, 150, 151–152, 154, 161, 163

living quarters of the castle, 2, 24, 27, 28, 57–73, 222, 234, 235

Livre de la Chasse,
126

Llywelyn, Prince of Wales, 177

Loches, 22, 236

London, Tower of (White Tower), 14, 15, 24, 67, 222–223, 234–235

longbow, 196

Louis VII, king of France, 86, 169

Louis, Prince, of France (later Louis VIII), 36, 54, 86, 175, 194, 198–199

Louis IX, king of France (St. Louis), 177, 185, 221, 236, 238

Louis d’Orleans, count of Valois, 239

“love-day,” 160

Lucera, 240

Lull, Ramon, 168

Lusignan, Geoffrey de, 122

Lusignan, Hugh de, count of La Marche, 83–84

machicolation, 26, 27, 188, 221, 226, 238, 242

Magna Carta, 36, 49, 50, 54, 80, 82, 137

Malatesta family, 241

mangonels, 195, 196, 200, 226

Mannyng, Robert, 103, 122

manor, 98–101, 104, 147–165, 213, 230

Manorbier, 65

manor house, 149, 158

manorial court, 148, 154, 158–161, 162, 163, 230

manorial custom books, 154–155

manorial government, 159–160, 161–163

marcher lord, 40, 230

Marie, countess of Champagne, 87–90, 173

Marksburg, 244

Marlborough, 201

marling, 99, 151–152, 161

marriage, 78–84

marshal, 34, 38, 40, 43, 44, 96, 100, 101–103, 104, 108, 230

Marshal, Anselm, 36

Marshal, Gilbert (grandfather of William Marshal), 34

Marshal, Gilbert (son of William Marshal), 36, 96, 134, 179

Marshal, John Fitz Gilbert, 34–35, 201

Marshal, Richard, 36

Marshal, Walter, 36, 179–180

Marshal, William, 26–27, 34–39, 43, 54–55, 59, 67, 86, 96, 137, 169, 172, 174–175, 178, 179, 201, 202–203, 205

Marshal, William, II, 36–37, 78, 134, 180, 205

Marten, Henry, 2

Marten’s Tower, ii, 2, 3, 27, 222

Martinmas, 207

Master of Game, The,
126

Matilda, countess of Anjou (Empress Matilda), 34–35, 84–86, 187, 201–202

Matilda, countess of Tuscany, 84

Mayday, 207, 214

meals, 111–120, 122

meat, 111–112, 115–116

mercenaries, 8, 48, 69–70, 149, 174–178, 220

merlon, 24, 226

mesnie,
95, 230

messengers, 104–105

meurtrieres, see
arrow loops

Michaelmas, 101, 206, 207, 216

Midsummer, 207, 215

military science, 187, 190–205

miller, 155–156

mining (military), 24–25, 190–191, 192, 196–197, 226

minstrels, 118

Mirabeau, 202–203

missiles, 13, 27, 192, 193, 194, 195, 203

moat, 10, 28, 30, 187, 188, 192, 239, 241, 244

money, medieval, 101

Montfort, Eleanor de, countess of Leicester, 78, 96, 101–103, 106, 141

Montfort, Simon de, II, earl of Leicester, 38, 78, 96, 97, 101–103, 141, 199–200, 220–222

Montfort, Simon de, III, 200, 220–222

Montgomery, Arnulph de, 204–205

Montigny, Arnold de, 181

motte-and-bailey castle, 9–12, 21, 26, 57–58, 186, 222, 233, 234

multure, 155

mummers, 210–212

Munzenberg, 245

Muset, Colin, 120

music, 117–120

polyphonic, 119

musical instruments, 117–118, 121, 126

musical notation, 119

Muslim castles, 12, 25, 242–244, 247

Muslims, 12, 177, 184–185, 186, 192, 200, 242, 244, 247, 248

Najac, 239

Newcastle-on-Tyne, 19

New Forest, 135–137

New Year’s Day, 212

Nogent-le-Retrou, 223

Norwich, 24, 224

Nur-ed-Din, 247

Odiham, 102

Odo of Bayeux, 14

Old Sarum, 11, 40

On the Secrets of Women,
92

open field, 148–149

Ordericus Vitalis, 9, 14, 16, 84, 136–137

Orford, 235

oriel, 69, 226

Ortenberg, 245

ost
, 47, 230

oxen, 150, 153, 158, 162

Oxford, 85, 103

oxgang,
see
yardland

pagus,
44

palaces, 222

pantler, 100, 115

pantry, 64–65, 68, 104

Paris, Matthew, 36–37, 59–60, 68, 78, 80–81, 82–83, 90–91, 96, 104, 105, 107, 116–117, 122, 143-144, 180, 181, 210, 212

parish, 163, 217

parish church, 149, 158

parish priest, 163–164

parks (hunting), 140

parliament, 40

Peckham, John, archbishop of Canterbury, 164

Pembroke, 33–34, 36, 37, 59, 129–130, 204–205, 220, 236

Peñafiel, 244

Pentecost,
see
Whitsunday

pentice, 71

Percival, 173

Peter of Blois, 107, 115

Peter the Cruel, 243

Pevensey, 8–9, 224

Pfeffengen, 246

Philip I, king of France, 52–53

Philip II (Augustus), king of France, 42, 54, 202–203, 204, 238

Philip IV (the Fair), king of France, 90

Philip, count of Savoy, 28

Pierrefonds, 239

Piers Plowman,
74, 147

plow, 152–154, 156, 213

plowman, 152–153, 161, 162, 207

Plow Monday, 213

poetry, 39, 78, 118–120, 174–177

Portchester, 102–103

portcullis, 26–27, 188, 226

postern, 24, 29, 188, 199, 226

Prato, 240

preservation of food, 66, 112, 113–114

primogeniture, 174

prison, 41, 222–223

Provins, 26

provisioning of a castle, 188–189, 199

quintain, 169, 170, 172, 214, 230

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 235

ransom, 48, 177–178, 198, 229

Rapottenstein, 245

Raymond of Antioch, 86

reaping, 134, 151, 157–158, 161

reconquest of Spain by Christians, 12, 242–243

recreation, 111, 112, 113, 117–123, 209, 211

reeve, 163, 231

relief, 48, 50, 154, 231

rents

in kind, 154–155

money, 149, 154–155

Restormel, 70, 234

Rhuddlan, 236

Richard, earl of Cornwall, 141

Richard I (the Lionhearted), king of England, 36, 48, 54, 73, 77, 137, 177, 186, 198, 199, 238, 244

Richard II, king of England, 184, 210, 212

Richelieu, Armand du Plessis, cardinal de, 222

Richmond, 24

ridge-and-furrow plowing, 152–153

Robert, count of Flanders, 52–54

Robert, duke of Normandy, 19, 136

Robert, earl of Gloucester, 85, 201–202

Robin Hood, 144

Rocca, Castello della, 241

Rochester, 24, 60, 63, 188–189, 190–191, 235

Rockingham, 142

Forest of, 141, 142–143, 144–146

Rogation Days, 214–215

Roger I, count of Sicily, 240

Roger de Breteuil, 19–20, 33, 204

Roger of Wendover, 175

Roland, 172, 184–185

Roman fortifications, 11–12, 14, 48, 224

Round Table, 173, 181

royal council, 36, 40–41, 229

ruse, 198

St. Nicholas’ Day, 208

Salisbury, 86

Samson, abbot of Bury St. Edmunds, 73, 77, 140, 180–181

Sandwich, Battle of, 194

San Giorgio, Castello, 241

Saone, 247

sapping,
see
mining

Saracens,
see
Muslims

Sarzanello, Castello di, 241

sauces, 113

Saumur, 224

Saxons,
see
Anglo-Saxons

Scala, Can Grande della, 241

Scaliger Castle, 241

screens, 64–65, 70, 226

scutage, 48, 231

Segovia, 244

seneschal,
see
steward

Seneschaucie
(“Stewardship”), 97–98, 161, 163

serf,
see
villein

servants, 68, 69, 70, 95, 96–99, 107–108, 109, 111–112, 114–115, 116, 122–123

services, feudal, 32–33, 47–49

sex, medieval ideas of, 91–94

Sforza Castle, 224

Sforza family, 241, 242

shell keep, 21–24, 25, 31, 58, 70, 233–234, 236, 246

Sherborne, 24

sheriff, 43–44, 138, 161, 231

shire, 43, 44

siege, 186–203, 205, 222

Simon of Senlis, 98–100

site of castle, 19, 27–30, 244

“slighting” of castles, 222

smith, 111, 155, 156, 172

solar, 68, 226, 235

Spain, reconquest of, 12, 242–243

Spanish castles, 12, 242–244

“sporting chance,” 155

springald,
see
catapult

squire, 95, 97, 105, 111, 115, 172, 179, 231

stairways, 24, 28, 60–61, 70–71, 236, 239

Stamford Bridge, Battle of, 13

Statute of Westminster, 49

Stephen of Blois, king of England, 34–35, 36, 84–86, 187, 190, 200–202, 205

steward, 95–96, 97–101, 103–104, 111, 156, 158, 163, 185, 231

Stirling Castle, 69

Stow, John, 210–211

subinfeudation, 33, 50

sugar, 114

suit, 155, 159

tapestry, 60

Tawney, R. H., 165

Templars, 20, 39, 42, 170, 177, 197, 238, 247, 248

tenant-in-chief, 16, 40, 50, 229

tenants, manorial

free, 155–156

non-free,
see
villeins

Thierry of Alsace, count of Flanders, 51

three-field system, 152–153

Tintern Abbey, 33

Tirel, Walter, 136

tithing,
see
frankpledge

Totnes, 234

Tour, Geoffrey de la, 78–79, 93

Tour de César, 26

Tour de Constance, 238

tournament, 39, 93, 174, 178–182

toys, 111

trebuchet, 192–194, 227

trial by ordeal, 41

Trifels, 244

Trim, 247

troubadour, 39, 86–87, 118–120

trouvère, 39, 118–120

Troyes, 87

truces, 198–199

two-field system, 152

Ursino, Castello, 240–241

vassal, 8, 32–33, 40, 45–49, 229, 231

feudal obligations of, 47–49, 229

vegetables, 114, 150–151

verderers, 139, 141

vert, 138

View of Frankpledge, 160–161

village, 147–165

social classes of, 153–156

villein, 154–157, 163, 164, 171, 207–209, 215, 231

Vincennes, 239

Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène, 239

Visconteo, Castello, 241

Visconti family, 241, 242

Vitry, Jacques de, 81–82, 180

Wace, Robert, 173

Wake Day, 216

Wallingford, 97

war, 173, 175–178, 186–205, 218–222

private, 186

wardrobe, 68, 71, 95–96, 104

wardship, 50, 76–77

Warenne, William de, earl of Surrey, (Earl Warenne), 96

warren, 135

Wars of the Roses, 219

Warwick, 234

water supply, 71, 189–190

weapons, 13, 172, 173, 191–197, 203

well, 24, 71, 72, 189–190

Westminster Palace, 66, 71, 78

Whitsunday, 206–207, 215

Wildenberg, 245

William I, king of England (William the Conqueror), 8–9, 10, 13, 14–19, 33, 40, 43, 46, 48, 50, 52, 84, 134–136, 137, 183, 204, 234

William II, king of England (William Rufus), 19–20, 135–137

William IX, count of Aquitaine, 86, 91

William Clito, count of Flanders, 46

William de Valence, 180

William Longespée, earl of Salisbury, 183

William Longsword, duke of Normandy, 46

William of Malmesbury, 19

William of Mandeville, earl of Essex, 174

William of Tancarville, 96, 169, 172, 174

Winchester, 14, 67

windows, 2, 24, 58–59, 69

Windsor, 195, 234

wine, 115

women, 75–94, 111

education of, 77–78

legal status of, 76–84

political role of, 84–86

woodland country, 148–149

woodward, 139, 162, 231

Wurzburg Castle, 224

Xerigordo, Castle of, 189

yardland, 153

York, 234

Zorita de los Canes, 243

Illustration on page 173 and two on page 193 are from
British Castles
, by R. J. Unstead, published by the Thomas Y. Crowell Company (originally published as
Castles
by A. & C. Black, Ltd., London, 1970). Department of the Environment photographs, British Crown copyright, are reproduced by permission of the Controller of Her Britannic Majesty’s Stationery Office.

A hardcover edition of this book was published in 1974 by Thomas Y. Crowell Company. It is here reprinted by arrangement with Thomas Y. Crowell Company..

LIFE IN A MEDIEVAL CASTLE
. Copyright © 1974 by Joseph and Frances Gies.

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